Overview of the Human Body Year 10 Human Biology 2015

Course Content Levels of Organisation Link systems to essential processes Internal body organisation Cells as the basic structure Link cellular structures with essential processes

From the cell to the body Each human develops from just one cell – the ZYGOTE. That cell divides repeatedly (mitosis) and by a process called DIFFERENTIATION the new cells become specialised for particular functions. There are around 200 different types of cells in the human body.

Differentiation Differentiation: stem cells (centre) can differentiate into specialised cells

Levels of Organisation - Cells Cells are the basic structure of all body systems Cells are specialised to carry out different functions Cells with similar specialisations that carry out a common function are grouped together to form tissues

Levels of Organisation – Tissues, Organs and Systems Tissues are the second structural level Different types of tissue work together as organs An organ is normally made up of two or more tissues A group of organs that work together is called a system All body systems are integrated to form the organism

Levels of Organisation

Structural Organisation of the body Organism System eg/ Digestive Organ eg/ Small Intestines Tissue eg/ Bones Cell eg/ Muscle cell Organelle eg/ Mitochondria Molecule eg/ Water (H2O) Atom eg/ Carbon

How many body systems can you name?

Internal Body Organisation: Body systems Digestive system Respiratory system Integumentary system Circulatory system Urinary system Nervous system Muscular system Skeletal system Lymphatic system Endocrine system Reproductive system (male and female)

Respiratory system Consists of: Mouth, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs (alveoli) Function: Gaseous exchange between the external environment and the blood

Nervous system Consists of: Brain, spinal cord, nerves/nerve cells Function: Regulation of all body activities Learning and memory Responsiveness

Circulatory system Consists of: Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries Functions: Transport of life-sustaining materials to the body’s cells Removal of metabolic wastes from cells Temperature Regulation

Digestive system Consists of: Mouth, oesophagus, stomach, SI, LI, liver Functions: Breakdown and absorption of food materials Excretion of solid waste from the body

Integumentary system Consists of: Skin, hairs, nails Functions: External support of the body Protection of the body Excretes unwanted substances Body temperature regulation

Skeletal system Functions: Consists of: Axial bones, appendicular bones, joints Functions: Internal support Attachment for muscles to allow movement Production of blood cells Joints allow a flexible framework

Muscular system Consists of: Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle Functions: Body movement Production of body heat

Urinary system Consists of: Kidneys, ureter, urethra, bladder Functions: Filtration of blood to allow excretion of waste products Maintenance of fluid volume Maintenance of the chemical composition of blood

Reproductive system Consists of: Testes, vas deferens, urethra, ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina Functions: Production of sex cells Transfer of sex cells Provide an environment for the growth and development of the embryo until birth

Endocrine system Consists of: Glands such as adrenal, thyroid, pancreas etc Functions: Secretion of hormones for chemical regulation of the body

Lymphatic system Consists of: Lymph nodes, lymph vessels Functions: Body immunity Absorption of fats Drainage of tissue fluid

Body Systems and Essential Processes Metabolism All systems Ingestion Digestive Movement Muscular; Skeletal; Nervous Responsiveness Nervous; Endocrine Growth Excretion Urinary; Skin; Respiratory; Digestive Differentiation Reproduction Reproductive

Complete Body systems sheet Work to be completed Complete Body systems sheet Link the Body systems to the Essential processes Answer the Section one review questions.

Cells Year 10 Human Biology 2015

Different cells are specialised for different tasks Shape and structure of a cell varies according to the task they perform Certain structures are common to most cells

Animal Cells vs Plant Cells

Cell Structures Cytoskeleton – microfilaments, microtubules Inclusions Cell membrane Cytoplasm Organelles Nucleus Mitochondria Centrioles Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Cytoskeleton – microfilaments, microtubules Inclusions Cillia / Flagella

Surrounds and forms the outer boundary of the cell Very thin Cell membrane Surrounds and forms the outer boundary of the cell Very thin Allows certain substances to enter and leave the cell

Cell Membrane

Thick fluid between the cell membrane and the nucleus of the cell Cytoplasm Thick fluid between the cell membrane and the nucleus of the cell 75% to 90% water All the cell’s contents are suspended in the cytoplasm

All the structures within the cell are called organelles Nucleus All the structures within the cell are called organelles Nucleus – largest organelle in cells The “brain” of the cell Electron micrograph of cell nucleus, showing the double membrane and nuclear pores

Organelles Endoplasmic reticulum Rough – protein synthesis and packaging Ribosomes attach to this structure. Smooth – Lipid/steroid synthesis and storage Organelles Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Electron micrograph showing endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached Mitochondria Associated with energy release in the cell

Organelles Figure 3.8 Cells from the lining of the trachea showing cilia Figure 3.9 Scanning electron micrograph showing sperm cells with flagella

Involved in the reproduction of the cell Golgi apparatus Organelles Centrioles Involved in the reproduction of the cell Golgi apparatus Package proteins for release from the cell Others Lysosomes Cilia and Flagella

Other cell organelles… Lysosomes Contain acid enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. They can be described as the stomach of the cell.  Digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria. Cytoplasmic Inclusions Non-living cellular components. Eg Lipids, Glycogen, Pigments,

Putting it all together!

Cellular Structures and Essential Processes Metabolism Cytoplasm; Mitochondria Ingestion Lysosomes; Golgi app. Movement Cytoskeleton; Cilia and Flagella Responsiveness Nucleus Growth Ribosomes; Nucleus Excretion Cell membrane; Golgi apparatus Differentiation Inclusions; Ribosomes Reproduction Centrioles; Nucleus

Cell structures worksheet Summary tables of essential processes Work to be completed Cell structures worksheet Summary tables of essential processes