Anatomy & Physiology What is Anatomy? of the human body What is Anatomy? Anatomy is defined as the study of… Structures Structure refers to the shapes, sizes, and characteristics of the components of the human body. The word anatomy comes from 2 words: Ana which means “up or apart” Tomos which means “to cut”

What do we do in this class? Study the body form head to toe, from cell to the entire organism. Understand the terminology used in the study of the body. Understand the function of the organs and organs systems of the body. How do we study the body? We dissect! We memorize terms and functions.

Anatomy and Physiology? Who should take Anatomy and Physiology? Nurses Science Teachers Doctors Dancers Trainers Actors & Actresses Athletes Parents Etc. etc. etc……. Everyone could benefit from taking A & P. What do we need to know to begin to study A & P?

F3 -Form Follows Function Underlying theme for the year: F3 -Form Follows Function Every one of the organs of the human body has a specific function and the form of that organ is DIRECTLY tied to the function it provides.

Why Study the body as a whole? The functions whole body contributes to a state called: Homeostasis Balance within a system

We must stay in Homeostasis to stay alive, so what functions must stay Homeostatic? (the process of staying in homeostasis) Maintain Boundaries - Keep the outside “stuff” outside and inside “stuff” inside. Movement - Whether it be the entire body or molecules through diffusion Responding - Respond to outside or inside stimuli

Digestion - Take in and breakdown food. Metabolism - Use the food to get energy Excretion - Get rid of waste materials. Reproduce - Create viable offspring Growth - Increase number of cells/ size or organism

Body Directions and Terms! To make it easier to study A & P, We must know our way around the body Body Directions and Terms! DORSAL/POSTERIOR* – toward the spinal/back SUPERIOR– toward the front/head, INFERIOR – toward the tail, also called CRANIAL or CEPHALIC also called CAUDAL VENTRAL/ANTERIOR *– toward the belly * Anterior and Posterior are different in Humans than 4 legged animals

These terms are Relational: A man’s head is more SUPERIOR than… his shoulders his hips A man’s feet are more Inferior than… There is no “place” called the inferior of the body

Intermediate is in the center of the body Other body directions: Medial  Lateral MEDIAL is towards the middle or centerline Intermediate is in the center of the body LATERAL is toward the side. ie: The shoulder is lateral to the spine, or the spine is medial to the shoulder

Superficial – closer to the surface Deep – Away from the surface Proximal – close to the body trunk, or where the limb is attached. Distal – farther from the body trunk, or where the limb terminates Proximal Distal Superficial – closer to the surface Deep – Away from the surface

There are terms for the regions of the body also. These will be our first quiz. Anterior body terms: These are in your book (28 of them) The use of these terms will help you locate the area of the body that is being described in the text, and or discussion. Also, knowledge of these terms will assist in the names and places of bones and muscles of the body.

Posterior Body Regions ( 19 of them – some are duplicates ) Many of the terms on this slide are a continuation of the terms of the anterior region

Along with the regions, there are five major Cavities of the human body: These cavities are: Cranial Cavity - house the brain Spinal Cavity – house the spinal cord Thoracic Cavity – house the organs of the chest Abdominal Cavity – house the “gut” organs Pelvic Cavity – house the reproductive and urinary organs

There are also “imaginary” planes in the body Medial plane Divides the body into two equal halves along the midline of the body. Frontal Plane Divides the body into a front and back half along the lateral line of the body. Transverse Plane Divides the body into a superior and inferior half along a horizontal line.

Levels of organization The body is organized in a very specific way. From the most basic to the most complex: Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ System Organism All of these are combinations of the previous level or organization

Major Body Systems Integumentary system The entire external covering of the body . Acts as a barrier to the outside world for the body

Skeletal System Major protection to the body organs. It gives a framework for the body’s muscles. It is the source of blood in adult humans

Muscular System Three different types of muscles, Skeletal muscles allow movement within the environment and provide heat. Smooth muscles cover and protect organs. Cardiac muscles form the heart.

Nervous System Two parts, Central and Peripheral carry signals to and from the brain to the body. Initiate movements within the body. Also control the glands and other systems

Endocrine System Hormone secreting glands with regulate processes within the body.

Cardiovascular System Made of the Heart and the blood vessels (Veins and Arteries). This system acts as a “conveyor belt” for the body. It moves all materials around the other systems.

Lymphatic System This system is used to cleans the body of debris outside the other systems and organs. It also houses the white blood cells.

Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with fresh Oxygen and carries away Carbon Dioxide and other wastes.

Digestive System Take in, and breaks down the food that the body needs. It is also responsible for removing feces that is indigestible by the body.

Urinary System Eliminates Nitrogen wastes (Uric acids) from the body and regulates the blood stream.

Reproductive System Overall function of the reproductive system is to produce offspring. Also creation of hormones that affect the other organs of the body in various ways.