Classical and Post-Classical Trade and Economy Key Concept 2.3 Key Concept 3.1 Classical and Post-Classical Trade and Economy

Trade Overview Transregional trade routes developed in the Classical Era (Pd. 2) & expanded in the post-Classical Era (Pd.3) 1. The Silk Roads 2. The Trans-Saharan 3. The Mediterranean Sea 4. The Indian Ocean basins Expanded due to improved transportation technologies and commercial practices Result: increased volume of trade and expanded geographical range Strong relationship between trade and urbanization (growth of cities) and diffusion (people, language, culture, crops, technology)

SILK ROADS Link pastoral and agricultural peoples (inner, outer Asia) “relay trade” Camel caravans braved steppes, deserts Classical period: links Rome, Han, Persia 7th and 8th centuries: revived by Byzantine, Abbasid, and Tang 13th and 14th: Mongol Empire links Asia and Europe

Trans-Saharan trade routes

Trans-Sahara Trade Revolutionized by camel around 300 C.E. Sudan traded gold*, ivory, kola nuts, and slaves North Africa traded salt*, horses, cloth, dates, manufactured goods Sudanic kingdoms – Ghana, Mali, Songhay 1300s: Mali monopolizes gold and salt trade Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage Diffusion of Islam after 1000 C.E.

Mansa Musa

Med Sea Connects Europe to North Africa and Middle East trade Key to Greeks and Romans At high point, Arab Empire controlled 75%

Indian Ocean trade routes Center of world trade pre-1492 Lower transportation costs Began with first civilizations Major changes 500-1500: 1. Reemergence of China 2. Rise of Islam East Africa gold salt slaves

Southeast Asia Heavily influenced by India (Hinduism and Buddhism) and China Malay sailors opened all-sea route India  China through Malacca straights Rise of Malay kingdom of Srivijaya Buddhist monasteries at Borobudur, Angkor

Borobudur: 9th century Mahayana Buddhist temple (Java, Indonesia)

Angkor Wat (Hindu Buddhist temple in Cambodia)

East Africa: Swahili culture Began as small Bantu fishing & farming villages Traded gold, ivory, quartz, leopard skins, slaves 1000- 1500: dev. of independent Swahili city-states Ex: Kilwa, Mombasa, Malindi Cosmopolitan; Arab, Indian, and Persian visitors Navigational knowledge

American Trade New trade routes centered on Mesoamerica and the Andes Maya – network of city-states

Review: What was traded? Luxury Goods China: silk textiles, porcelain India: Cotton textiles, Spices, Gems Africa: Slaves, exotic animals, gold SE Asia: spices

Review: Who was trading? Empires facilitated trade China, Byzantine Empire, Caliphates, Mongols Byzantine Empire Manufactures glassware, jewelry, & silk Trade a major part of the economy Mediterranean Sea, Silk Roads, Russia, etc. Urbanization: Constantinople Arabs Did not rely heavily upon agriculture Dar al-Islam facilitated expansion of trade Islamic law protected merchants Revival of the Silk Road Growth of Indian Ocean trade - Dhows increase the volume of maritime trade

Review: How did they trade? Land routes Yokes, Saddles, Stirrups Horses, Oxen, Llamas, Camels Caravan organization Caravanserai – roadside inn Camel saddles

Review: How did they trade? MARITIME Advanced knowledge of the monsoon winds Dhow ships with lateen sails triangular; allowed to tack against wind Use of the compass (China) Astrolabe – used for location Larger ship designs

Review: How did they trade? Monetization– using currency instead of barter Bills of exchange Credit Checks Banking houses First paper currency – Song Dynasty

Travelers The writings of interregional travelers show extent and the limits of intercultural knowledge Ibn Battuta Marco Polo Xuanzang

Xuanzang 7th century Buddhist monk Purpose was to find true Buddhist scriptures in India Traveled on Silk Road, 629- 645 converted pirates who tried to rob him Importance: help understand Buddhism and cultures along Silk Road

Marco Polo Born in Venice to wealthy trading family Traveled with father and uncle to China employed by Kublai Khan (Mongol ruler) for 17 years Importance: sparked European interest in the East; however… Some question whether Polo ever reached China No mention of foot-binding, tea drinking, Great Wall?

Ibn Btutta Arab scholar Born in Morocco Visited Spain, Anatolia, West and East Africa, Arabia, Iraq, Persia, Central and Southeast Asia, India, China Critical of Islam on the frontier Importance: illustrate vast expanse of Islamic civilization, never an “outsider”

Review: Travelers Where did they go?

Diasporic Communities Merchants along routes introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture. Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region Chinese merchant communities in Southeast Asia Jewish communities in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin, and along the Silk Roads

The Fates of Cities Periods of significant decline due to… Invasions Disease The decline of agricultural productivity The Little Ice Age Periods of increased urbanization rising productivity and expanding trade networks The end of invasions The availability of safe and reliable transport The rise of commerce Warmer temperatures between 800 and 1300 Increased agricultural productivity  Subsequent rising population Greater availability of labor

Cities

Changing Cities Cities continued to play roles as governmental, religious, and commercial centers Many older cities declined Rome Xi’an (former Han capital) New cities emerged to take on established roles Novgorod (Russia) Timbuktu The Swahili city-states Hangzhou (China) Calicut (India) Baghdad (Abbasids) Melaka (SE Asia) Venice (Italy) Tenochtitlan Cahokia (North America)

Post-Classical Migration Camels!

Human Migration: Polynesians Bananas!

Austronesian Migrations Agricultural Originated in southern China Spread to Philippines, Indonesia, and Madagascar Used double-outrigger canoes Brought new plants and animals

Austronesian Migrations

Linguistic Map of Southeast Asia

Bantu Migrations Agricultural society Began in West Africa c. 3,000 B.C. Spread East and South through Sub-Saharan Africa Diffusion of iron metallurgy technology and agriculture Iron plow Bantu Migrations Interactive

Diffusion of Language

Diffusion of new foods Champa rice (Vietnam  East Asia) Arab traders brought… Citrus and sugar from SE Asia to Europe and Mediterranean Cotton from India to Europe Bananas from SE Asia to Africa and Middle East