Bushmen of the Kalahari still live by hunting and gathering Top Left-Bushmen of the Kalahari gather berries Bottom Right-a Bushman aims his poisoned tipped, bone arrow at an animal in the dry grass plains of the Kalahari Desert. Also called the San-the live in small, scattered mobile bands. Most common prey are antelopes, wildebeest and other smaller game.

Hunting & Gathering Societies Settlements are NOT PERMANENT Populations remain small Early hunter-gatherers lived in wetter & better environments and had an easier life than those of the modern day. Eastern North America-forests, wildlife & nuts Pacific Coast Americas-salmon fishing Aleuts of tundra caribou herds Interior North America-buffalo herds

Hunting & Gathering Societies Technology improved slowly Bone & stone tools & weapons Learned to control fire- protection-cooking Metallurgy evolved with copper, bronze, gold and later iron for arrowheads, knives, axes and other utensils. Even pre-agricultural societies had complex tools, utensils & weapons Cooking made food more digestible and was used to drive animals over cliffs or into traps Thule artifacts from east side of Ellesmere Island northwest of Greenland, 2 small female ivory fetishes as well as stone, bone and antler tools, spear points, harpoon heads, etc. Spear thrower delivered 7 x more power than the traditional method of throwing a spear.

Hunting & Gathering Societies-Fishing 12,000-15,000 years ago coastal flats were flooded as glaciers melted Continental shelves became shallow seas where marine life was plentiful Coastal areas became warmer and more habitable Shell fish & trapped fish added to the diet as harpoons, spears, hooks, boats and baskets were created. Wood & bone or antler was often used for fish hooks or harpoon points. Seals and fish were hunted using these in pre-historic Scandinavia Pacific Coast and Arctic shores Ainu of Northern Japan And Western Europe-wicker baskets and stone traps used to catch salmon and other fish These fishing settlements had a degree of permanence due to the plentiful food supply

Agricultural Origins-The First Agricultural Revolution The first domestication of plants was probably in South East Asia-root crops- taro, yams & bananas 14,000 years ago Southwest Asia domesticated cereal crops such as wheat, barley & oats-10,000 years ago MesoAmerica-maize (corn), squash & beans Africa-millet, sorghum, watermelons Right-wheat-one of the 1st seed crops to be domesticated.

The Fertile Crescent – Where the planned cultivation of seed crops began. - because of seed selection, plants got bigger over time - generated a surplus of wheat and barley - first integration of plant growing and animal raising (used crops to feed livestock, used livestock to help grow crops)

The First Agricultural Revolution-Animal Domestication Animals such as goats, pigs and sheep were domesticated about 8,000 years ago. Domesticated animals in captivity are very different from their wild counterparts. In Southeast Asia pigs, water buffalo, chickens, ducks, and geese were domesticated. With sedentary communities wild animals kept as pets or ceremonial sacrifices-some wild animals hung around as scavengers of food and gradually were kept as protection against other predators or to aid in the hunt. Even today-in African Wildlife Preserves-wild animals hang around camps at night and scatter by day.

In South Asia- cattle and elephants-but never bred in captivity In Southwest Asia- goats, sheep, and camel In Central Asia- yak, horse, goats, sheep and reindeer In Meso-America and South America- llama, alpaca, pig, and turkey In Africa- guinea fowl-only became herders after cattle were brought in from SW Asia Total- only about 40 species were domesticated Top-Zebu Cattle in India Horse drawing a hay rake

Animal Domestication – Eland, a land mammal that is being bred in captivity at an experimental station in near Nairobi, Kenya Animal Domestication – - Relatively few animals have been domesticated - Attempts at domestication continue, but most fail

About 8,000 BC man began to select, breed and domesticate and cultivate various species of plants and animals It was a slow, gradual process that occurred at different times in various places-due to climate or soil limitations it did not spread all over the world. World Population increased X16 between 8,000 BC and 4,000 BC due to increased and reliable food supply.

World Areas of Agricultural Innovations Carl Sauer identified 11 areas where agricultural innovations occurred.

Chief Source Regions of Important Crop Plant Domestications