Earth’s Environmental Systems 3 CHAPTER Placeholder opening page, but maybe we can duplicate the look of the SE chapter opener page by using the same fonts and colors (and maybe that Ch 14 icon?)

The Gulf of Mexico’s Dead Zone Nutrient-rich runoff causes plankton blooms and hypoxia—low oxygen levels—in the Gulf of Mexico. Hypoxia kills or displaces marine organisms, causing a decline in the fisheries and the fishing industry. U.S. government and farmers debate the need to cut down on fertilizer use. Talk About It Do you think the distance between the source of the nitrogen and phosphorus and the dead zones themselves makes it difficult to manage this problem? Why or why not?

Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Water’s abundance is a primary reason there is life on Earth.

Atoms and Elements Atoms Nucleus Electrons Element Mass Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Atoms and Elements Atoms ____________ are the basic unit of matter. _____________: Contains protons and neutrons ____________________: Move around the nucleus An _____________ is a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances. _________ - Any material that has mass and occupies space Nucleus Electrons Element Mass Did You Know? There are 92 elements that occur naturally, and scientists have created about 20 others in labs.

Bonding Shared Transferred Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Bonding Atoms combine by bonding: Covalent bonds: Electrons are _____________. Ionic bonds: Electrons are __________________. Molecule: Two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds Compound: Substance composed of atoms of two or more different elements Shared Transferred Covalent bonding Ionic bonding

Organic and Inorganic Compounds Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Organic and Inorganic Compounds Organic compounds: Consist of covalently bonded _____________ atoms and often include other elements, especially hydrogen Organic compounds include natural gas, petroleum, coal, and gasoline also known as _________ _________ Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds, such as petroleum, that contain only ___________ & __________ Inorganic compounds: Lack carbon-to-carbon bonds Carbon Fossil Fuels Hydrogen Carbon

Solutions Mixture Solutions Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Solutions Mixture A _____________ is a combination of elements, molecules, or compounds that are not bonded chemically. ________________ are mixtures in which all ingredients are equally distributed. Mixtures can be solids, liquids, or gases. Solutions Image - http://www.flickr.com/photos/carolynconner/4264882098/ (Creative Commons licensed) Geyser info source - National Park Service: http://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/noldfaith.htm Blood, sea water, plant sap, and metal alloys, such as brass, are all solutions.

Macromolecules Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Lipids Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Macromolecules Large organic compounds that are essential to life _________________: Serve many functions; Help produce skin, muscle and bone and include enzymes _______________________: Direct protein production; include DNA and RNA ________________________: Provide energy and structure; include sugars, starch, and cellulose ______________: Not soluble in water; many functions including long term energy storage; include fats, oils and waxes Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Lipids

Water Water __________ is required by all living things for survival. Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Water Water __________ is required by all living things for survival. Hydrogen bonding gives water many unique properties: Cohesion – water sticks to itself Resistance to temperature change Less dense when frozen Ability to dissolve many other molecules

Acids, Bases, and pH Acidic Neutral Basic Lesson 3.1 Matter and the Environment Acids, Bases, and pH The separation of water molecules into ions causes solutions to be acidic, basic, or neutral. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is. pH below 7—____________ pH of 7— ________________ pH above 7— ______________ Acidic Neutral Basic

Lesson 3.2 Systems in Environmental Science Positive feedback loops can help erosion turn a fertile field to desert in just a few years. Dust storm, Stratford Texas, 1930s

Negative feedback loop Lesson 3.2 Systems in Environmental Science Interacting Systems Inputs into Earth’s interconnected systems include energy, information, and matter. Feedback loops regulate systems Type 1:____________ feedback loops The output of a system moving in one direction acts as an input that causes the system to move in the opposite direction. Result in stabilization of a system Negative Negative feedback loop

Interacting Systems Positive Lesson 3.2 Systems in Environmental Science Interacting Systems Inputs into Earth’s interconnected systems include energy, information, and matter. Feedback loops regulate systems. Type 2: ____________ feedback loops Result in a system moving to an extreme Positive

Earth’s Spheres Geosphere Lithosphere Lesson 3.2 Systems in Environmental Science Earth’s Spheres Geosphere ________________ - Made up of all the rock at or below Earth’s surface __________________ - The hard rock on and just below Earth’s surface (the outermost layer of the geosphere) Geo = Earth/Ground Lithosphere Litho = Stone

Earth’s Spheres Biosphere Lesson 3.2 Systems in Environmental Science Earth’s Spheres Biosphere ________________ - consists of all of the living and once-living things and the nonliving parts of the environment they interact with Bio = Life

Earth’s Spheres Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lesson 3.2 Systems in Environmental Science Earth’s Spheres Atmosphere ________________ - consists of the layer of gases surrounding the planet _________________ - encompasses all water – salt, fresh, liquid, ice and vapor – on Earth’s surface, underground and in the atmosphere. Atmo = Air Hydrosphere Hydro = Water

Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres The movement of Earth’s plates has formed the deepest ocean trenches and the highest mountains.

The Geosphere Crust Mantle Core Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres The Geosphere Rocks and minerals on and below Earth’s surface: Crust __________: Thin, cool, rocky outer “skin” _________________: Very hot and mostly solid __________: Outer core is molten metal, inner core is solid metal Mantle Core Rock formation, Ouray National Wildlife Refuge, Utah

Plate Tectonics Lithosphere Asthenosphere Lower Mantle Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Plate Tectonics Crust and mantle are divided into: ____________________: Crust and uppermost mantle; divided into tectonic plates _________________________: Soft middle mantle; heated by outer core ______________________: Solid rock Lithosphere Asthenosphere Volcano lava Lower Mantle

Plate Tectonics Convection Collisions Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Plate Tectonics Convection ________________ currents in the asthenosphere move tectonic plates. ______________ and separations of the plates result in landforms. Collisions

Tectonic Plates There are three major types of plate boundary: Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Tectonic Plates There are three major types of plate boundary: Divergent Transform Convergent

Divergent Plate Boundaries Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Divergent Plate Boundaries Divergent boundaries: Rising magma pushes plates _____________. This usually occurs in the ocean and produces ___________ & ____________________ Apart Ridges Divergent plate boundary New Sea Floor

Transform Plate Boundaries Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Transform Plate Boundaries Transform boundaries: Plates slip and __________ alongside one another. This often results in _________________ Grind Earthquakes Divergent plate boundary Transform plate boundary

Convergent Plate Boundaries Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Convergent Plate Boundaries Collide Plates ___________, causing one of two things to happen: 1)__________________: One plate slides beneath another. Often results in ______________________ on land. And ________________ in the ocean Subduction Video Subduction Volcanoes Trenches

Convergent Plate Boundaries Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Convergent Plate Boundaries Collide Plates ___________, causing one of two things to happen: 2) _________________-building: Both plates are uplifted. Scientists believe that all of the Earth’s continents were once connected in a supercontinent known as _____________. Pangea Video Mountain Pangea

The Biosphere and Atmosphere Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres The Biosphere and Atmosphere Biosphere _______________: The part of Earth in which living and nonliving things interact _________________: Contains the gases that organisms need, such as oxygen; keeps Earth warm enough to support life Atmosphere Earth’s atmosphere, seen from space

The Hydrosphere Water Salt Ice Surface Ground Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres The Hydrosphere Water Consists of Earth’s ___________ Most of Earth’s water (97.5%) is _______ water. Approximately 2% of water is _______ Only 0.5% of Earth’s water is unfrozen fresh water usable for drinking or irrigation. Earth’s available fresh water includes ___________ water and ____________ water. Salt Ice Surface Ground

Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres The Water Cycle

The Water Cycle 4 Evaporation Transpiration Precipitation Condensation Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres The Water Cycle 4 Consists of ____ main processes. _____________________ - The conversion of a substance from a liquid to a gas (occurs below boiling point). Warm temperatures and strong winds ________ ____ the process ___________________ - The release of water vapor by plants through their leaves ___________________ - The return of water from the atmosphere to Earth’s surface in the form of rain, sleet, snow or hail ___________________ - A change from a gas to a liquid Evaporation Speed Up Transpiration Precipitation Condensation

The Water Cycle Aquifers Groundwater Water Table Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres The Water Cycle Some precipitation soaks down through the soil into underwater storage areas known as _______________ Aquifers hold ___________________ (fresh water underground) The upper limit of groundwater is known as the __________________ Aquifers Groundwater Water Table

Human Impacts Transpiration Acid Irrigation Lesson 3.3 Earth’s Spheres Human Impacts By clearing plants from Earth’s surface, we increase erosion and evaporation and we decrease ___________________. Pollution that is released into the air causes ________ rain. We are depleting ground water by _______________ and industry California is currently battling the depletion of groundwater Transpiration Acid Irrigation

Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles A carbon atom in your body today may have been part of a blade of grass last year, or a dinosaur bone millions of years ago. Fossilized bones in a Colorado dig.

Law of Conservation of Matter Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Nutrient Cycling Matter _________ cycles through the environment. _____________________________Matter can be transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed. Nutrients, matter that organisms require for life process, circulate throughout the environment in ________________________ cycles. Law of Conservation of Matter Biogeochemical Did You Know? Organisms require several dozen nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon, to survive.

Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles The Carbon Cycle

Carbon Cycle Producers Consumer Decomposer Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon Cycle Producers ______________ - Organisms (including plants and algae) that produce their own food Photosynthesis ________ + _______ + ______ __________ + _______ Carbon + Water Glucose Oxygen Dioxide (sugar) The sugar made by producers may be passed onto a _______________ (organism that must eat to obtain energy) or a ___________________ (organism that breaks down waster. C6H12O6 O2 CO2 H2O Sun Consumer Decomposer

Carbon Cycle Cellular Respiration Plants Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon Cycle Cellular Respiration __________________________ - process in which organisms use oxygen to release the chemical energy of sugars ___________ + _______ _______ + ______ + ______ Sugar + Oxygen Carbon Water Dioxide Almost all organisms are constantly undergoing this process (INCLUDING ___________). O2 CO2 C6H12O6 H2O Energy Plants

Carbon Cycle Plants Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fossil Fuels Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon Cycle Plants __________ are a major carbon sink (A reservoir of a substance that accepts more than it releases). They use carbon dioxide for ____________________ & sugar for ________________________ When organisms dies, the carbon in their bodies is released into the soil and may form _______________ if given enough time. The _________ contain carbon (they are able to absorb it from the Atmosphere, undersea volcanoes And waste from organisms) Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Fossil Fuels Oceans

Carbon Cycle – Human Impact Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Carbon Cycle – Human Impact Humans shift carbon to the atmosphere in many ways. Burning _________________ Cutting Down _________ _____________ the carbon stored in the trees ___________ the amount of carbon dioxide taken in by the trees Producers ___________ absorb enough carbon to keep up with human activity! Scientists still do not have a complete understanding of the Carbon cycle – they cannot locate a major carbon sink. Fossil Fuels Carbon Cycle Video Trees Releases Reduces Cannot

Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles The Phosphorus Cycle

Phosphorous Cycle Phosphorous Rocks Water Wind Grow Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Phosphorous Cycle Phosphorous All living things need __________________ Most of the phosphorous on Earth is trapped in _________, soil, sediments and the ocean. It is only released when rocks are worn down by ____________ or ___________. Because phosphorous is scarce in the environment, plants and algae ___________ drastically when it is added to their environment Rocks Water Wind Grow

Phosphorous Cycle – Human Impact Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Phosphorous Cycle – Human Impact Fertilizer Humans mine phosphorous to use as ______________. Many ______________ contain phosphorous and it is released into the environment through wastewater. When the phosphorous we use gets into bodies of water ______________________ can occur (overgrowth of producers – mainly algae) This can lead to ______________ (low levels of Oxygen in the water) as decomposers break down all of the dead algae Detergents Eutrophication Hypoxia

Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle 78% Cannot “Fixed” Nitrogen Fixation Ammonia Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Nitrogen Cycle 78% Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up ________ of our atmosphere Even through it is abundant in the atmosphere, nitrogen gas ______________ be used directly by organisms In order to become useable, Nitrogen gas must be ____________. ___________ _____________ is the conversion of nitrogen gas into _______________ Cannot “Fixed” Nitrogen Fixation Ammonia

Nitrogen Cycle Lightning Strike Bacteria Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Nitrogen Cycle Nitrogen Fixation can occur in two natural ways: Intense Energy of a __________________ 2. Nitrogen Fixing __________ - live in the root nodules of many plants including clover & soybeans LEGUMES Lightning Strike Bacteria

Nitrogen Cycle Nitrification Denitrification Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Nitrogen Cycle Nitrification ________________ - Other bacteria convert ammonia into nitrates ________________ - Nitrates are converted back into nitrogen gas Denitrification

Nitrogen Cycle – Human Impact Lesson 3.4 Biogeochemical Cycles Nitrogen Cycle – Human Impact Humans can also fix nitrogen through the Haber-Bosch process When we add this to the soil to __________ plants it can run off into water supplies and cause _______________ (excess algae growth) – just like with phosphorous overuse. Conflict: Shrimpers and Fisherman in the Gulf of Mexico vs. Farmers on the Mississippi River Fertilize Eutrophication