Mrs. Brostrom Oceanography The Protista Kingdom Mrs. Brostrom Oceanography

Origin of the Universe Big bang theory Origin of Earth 4.5 Billion Years Ago Accretion of dust/debris into suns, planets, moons etc.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDQzKTedGNE 3:46 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SgnnV8nV9g 10:57

Origin of the Ocean Water in volcanic gases spewing out When Earth was cool enough, it began to accumulate into 5 interconnected basins on earth’s crust (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Southern) Ocean – Means “Big River”

Cyanophytes Kingdom: Eubacteria Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Pink flamingoes get their color from eating red cyanophytes  stromatolite, produced by the activity of ancient cyanobacteria 850mya Kingdom: Eubacteria Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Origin of atmosphere: Fossil evidence of cyanobacteria 3.5bya Generated oxygen that is in our atmosphere today “Black scum” on rocks, even at shoreline today Scientists hypothesize that photosynthesis evolved in cyanophytes

Photosynthesis Process of making food Sunlight + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O  C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6 O2 Plants/Seaweed Occurs in the chloroplasts Chlorophyll is the pigment that absorbs sunlight http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pE82qtKSSH4 3:45

Cellular respiration “Burning” of food to release sun’s energy trapped in it C6H12O6 (sugar) + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

The Six Kingdoms

Kingdom Protista mostly unicellular organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms Characteristics of Protists: mostly unicellular, some are multicellular (algae) can be heterotrophic (rely on external energy sources) or autotrophic (photosynthesisers) most live in water (though some live in moist soil or even the human body) ALL are eukaryotic (have a nucleus) A protist is any organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungus

Diversity of Algae Millions of algae species, but we’ll focus on these: Diatoms Dinoflagellates Red Algae Brown algae Green algae

Diatoms Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Bacillariophyta Approximately 50,000 species secrete glass shells they make from dissolved silica in water Fish and other plankton feed on diatoms Can be present in harmful algae blooms that harm fish

Dinoflagellates Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Dinophyta Unicellular Flagella to help them move through the water They are the cause of Red Tide, when there is an outburst in population and in turn water becomes red/brown in color can produce toxins, which cause memory loss and other impaired brain functions in humans, will cause food poisoning from fish consumed Noctiluca are bioluminescent dinoflagellates

Brown Algae Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Phaeophyta Giant kelp can grow ~12 inches a day Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Phaeophyta 1500 species of Brown algae; all are multicellular and large More structurally complex; holdfasts, blades, stipes, & pneumatocysts Used in cosmetics, pudding, toothpaste, ice creams One dinoflagellate that has gotten out of control is Pfiesteria.  Pfiesteria grows in fertilizer and raw sewage. It has killed a billion fish along the costs of North Carolina, Maryland, and Virginia since 1991.

Reg Algae Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Rhodophyta 4000 species of Red Algae; most are marine Smaller than brown algae and are often found at a depth of 200 meters. Important for coral reefs; act as mortar for the spaces in between the corals Used in cosmetics, gelatin capsules, as food, and some cheeses Irish moss is dried and eaten in Japan

Green Algae Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Chlorophyta 7000 diverse species; single and multicellular Anchor to rocks with holdfasts Biologist reason that green algae gave rise to land plants; both contain chlorophyll A and B & cell walls made of cellulose Sea lettuce looks like a plant, but is actually much simpler