Space System Segments This presentation provides background on space systems along with tailoring considerations when acquiring Department of Defense space systems. Space systems generally consist of a space segment, which includes the spacecraft bus and mission payloads, a control segment, which manages on-orbit spacecraft, and, a user segment, which uses the mission payloads for whatever the designated purpose is. In addition, the program must leverage space launch capability to place its spacecraft in orbit and space situational awareness products to prevent collisions in space.

Uniqueness of Space Segment Aircraft test, land, fix and refly Takeoff Land, fix Test Refly Launch/leave for 10-15 yrs – perfect first time, every time Launch Leave The challenges of the space segment drive a majority of the tailoring considerations in this presentation. Since spacecraft are typically acquired in small quantities and leverage multiple advanced technologies, the funding profile is usually front-loaded with high investment cost and relatively low Operations and Maintenance cost. In fact, the “rule of thumb” for space programs is 70% of program funding is investment funding in the early part of the program and 30% for the remainder of the program life-cycle. This is exactly opposite of the “rule of thumb” for most Department of Defense acquisition programs, where sustainment costs dominate the life cycle costs. In addition, there are severe limitations to what can be fixed once a spacecraft is launched, so making sure everything is good to go prior to launch is critical. Many other systems, like aircraft, can be tested and return for any fixes before flying again.

Uniqueness of Space Segment “Fly Offs” Low Rate Initial Production Hardware mods after launch Space segment systems typically have a high unit cost, with some spacecraft exceeding $1B. Any contractor competition generally will result in a “design off” instead of a “fly off”, due to the large expense of developing and launching prototypes. The very low procurement quantity of most space segments also precludes Low Rate Initial Production or LRIP. Once the spacecraft are on-orbit, only software modifications can be made to optimize the system or correct problems. These factors drive significant upfront systems engineering efforts and focus, as well as extensive mission assurance efforts to address the increased risk. Increased Risk

The Defense Acquisition Management System Model 1: Hardware Intensive Program IOC A B C Materiel Solution Analysis Engineering & Manufacturing Development Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction. LRIP Sustainment Operations & Support FRP Decision Materiel Development Decision DRFPRD CDD-V ICD Draft CDD CDD CPD Production & Deployment FOC PDR CDR Disposal High Cost First Article (Spacecraft) Model Rationale—small quantities, front-loaded funding profile, first article operational IOC A B/C Materiel Solution Analysis Technology Maturation & Risk Reduction. Combine Development and Initial Production Commitments Sustainment Department of Defense Instruction 5000.02 provides several acquisition models and emphasizes tailoring of program structures, content, and decision points to the product being acquired. There is no one-size fits all process to address the acquisition needs for each segment of a space system. In many cases, the various acquisition models with specific tailoring are necessary. This chart shows specific 5000.02 tailoring considerations for the space segment. Most spacecraft programs will not produce prototypes during Engineering & Manufacturing Development for use solely as test articles because of the very high cost of each article. In this case, the first articles produced will be tested and then fielded as operational assets. These programs may be tailored by measures such as combining the development and initial production investment commitments. When this is the case, a combined Milestone B and C will be conducted. Follow-On Production Decision Operations & Support Materiel Development Decision DRFPRD Engineering & Manufacturing Development CDD-V ICD Draft CDD CDD Production & Deployment FOC PDR CDR Disposal PDR: Preliminary Design Review CDR: Critical Design Review CDD-V: CDD Validation LRIP: Low Rate Initial Production FRP: Full Rate Production DRFPRD: Development Request For Proposals Release Decision IOC: Initial Operational Capability FOC: Full Operational Capability

Implementation of DoDI 5000.02 for Space Systems Acquisition DoDI 5000.02 (Operation of the Defense Acquisition System) emphasizes tailoring of program structures, content, and decision points to the product being acquired Specific language addressing space systems: Page 28, "(b) High-Cost First Article Combined Milestone B and C Decisions. Some programs, notably spacecraft and ships, will not produce prototypes during EMD for use solely as test articles because of the very high cost of each article. In this case, the first articles produced will be tested and then fielded as operational assets. These programs may be tailored by measures such as combining the development and initial production investment commitments. When this is the case, a combined Milestone B and C will be conducted. Additional decision points with appropriate criteria may also be established for subsequent low rate production commitments that occur prior to OT&E and a Full Rate Production Decision." The DoDI 5000.02 specific language addressing space systems in on page 28 under the paragraph heading “High-Cost First Article Combined Milestone B and C Decisions” DoDI 5000.02 (7 Jan 15) is available at http://bbp.dau.mil/docs/500002p.pdf

Space Systems Acquisition Programs - Potential Acquisition Models Space System Type Examples DoDI 5000.02 Program Model Space-based systems Satellites (Payloads and Bus) Tailored Model 1 (Hardware Intensive) or Model 5 (Hybrid—Hardware Dominant) Ground-based systems Satellite command and control (C2), Launch C2, Payload data processing stations, Space surveillance stations Model 2 (Defense Unique Software Intensive), Model 3 (Incrementally Deployed Software Intensive), or Model 6 (Hybrid—Software Dominant) if software intensive Satellite launch vehicles Boosters, Upper-stages Launch capability can be procured as a service or Tailored Model 1 (Hardware Intensive) User equipment Hand-held user terminals, Data reception terminals, User terminals Standard High Quantity Model This table highlights potential acquisition models to consider for the difference segments of or programs supporting a space system.

Principal DoD Space Advisor (PDSA) Secretary of Air Force designated as PDSA Oversee all DoD space matters including policies, strategies, plans, programming, and architecture assessments Advance National Security Space (NSS) strategies through established processes for planning, programming, budgeting, and execution, space program acquisition, and space policy development Chairs Defense Space Council (DSC) which addresses DoD unity of effort Collaborates with and supports USD (AT&L) in his or her role as OSD focal point for space programs DoD moving toward a more cohesive and unified space governance model The Principal DoD Space Advisor (PDSA), formerly known as the DoD Executive Agent for Space, oversees all DoD space matters. PDSA designation driven by growing NSS vulnerabilities and expanding adversary threats

Survivability and Orbital Debris DoDD 3100.10 (Space Policy) Mitigate adversary’s benefits of space system attack by enhancing resiliency and ensuring forces can operate effectively when space systems degraded Follow US Government Orbital Debris Mitigation Standard Practices Space Security and Defense Program (SSDP) Assists program offices in developing solutions and evaluating mitigation approaches against projected threats Orbital Debris Debris is generated from normal operations, unintentional collisions/explosions, and intentional tests/attacks Debris mitigation must implemented throughout space systems lifecycle (DoDI 3100.12, Space Support)

Independent Program Assessment (IPA) Independent Program Assessments (IPAs) are: An independent, comprehensive, and systematic review of major space system managerial and technical progress Designed to identify program cost, schedule, and performance risks; formulate risk mitigation plans; and provide feedback both to the PM and the Milestone Decision Authority (MDA) An IPA can be conducted before milestones, decision points or whenever directed IPAs have been conducted since 2000-timeframe and more recently also have other names (Independent Program Review, Acquisition Incident Review) but operate similarly to IPAs

Space Acquisition Information Additional Space Acquisition Information is Available at DAU’s Space Acquisition Community of Practice (https://www.dau.mil/cop/space/) ACQ-203 Space Variant schedule and registration Lifecycle Framework Chart Acquisition Policy Rapid Deployment Training ACQuipedia Article