Gene Regulation Chapter 13 Notes

Bacteria 10 times as many human cells ~10 Trillion Good (Probiotics) Lactobacillus E.coli Streptomyces Bad(Disease causing) Salmonella Listeriosis Images(top to bottom) e.coli, lactobacillus, Listeriosis, streptomyces Lactobacillus- probiotics yogurt Streptomyces- make antibiotics e. coli- digestion Salmonella: pultry and eggs e. Coli: contaminated items from feces sick death from dehydration Listeriosis: unpasteurized milk and shell fish

Lactose and Tryptophan Lac operon : Lactose Milk, ice-cream, butter etc.. trp operon : Tryptophan Nuts, seeds,red meat… Transcription Factor: is a protein that controls the rate of transcription Regulatory gene: a gene involved in controlling the expression of one or more other genes Regulatory sequence: a segment involved in controlling the expression of genes

OPERONS PROG Promoter: is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. Repressor: binding protein that inhibits the expression genes by binding to the operator Operator: a segment of DNA to which a transcription factor binds to regulate gene expression Gene: segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or substance

TRANSCRIPTION RNA Polymerase: Builds the RNA strand (mRNA/pre mRNA)

lac OPERONS RNA POLYMERASE REPRESSOR PROMOTER OPERATOR

trp OPERON RNA POLYMERASE REPRESSOR PROMOTER OPERATOR

Eukaryotes No operons: Promoter, Gene, and Enhancer Use transcription factors

Mutations Point Mutations: a single nucleotide base substitution, insertion, or deletion of the genetic material Ex. Substitution Frameshift: insertions or deletions

Chocolate Chip Cookies Ingredients 1 stick of butter 2 1/2 cups flour 1 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon baking soda 1 cup brown sugar 2 eggs 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 9 ounces of milk chocolate chips

Chocolate Chip Cookies Ingredients 1 stiqk of butter 2 1/2 cups flour 1 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon baking soda 1 cup brown sugar 2 eggs 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 9 ounces of milk chocolate chips

Chocolate Chip Cookies Ingredients 1 stick of butter 2 1/2 cups flour 1 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon baking soda 1 cup brown sugar 2 eggs 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 9 ounces of milk chocolate chips

Chocolate Chip Cookies Ingredients 1 stick of butter 2 1/2 cups flour 1 teaspoon salt 1 teaspoon baking soda 1 cup brown sugar 12 eggs 1 teaspoon vanilla extract 9 ounces of milk chocolate chips

Causes Spontaneous: Random changes in the strand Induced: caused by outside factors Carcinogens, radiation etc

X- Inactivation Lyonization (Mary Lyons) In females only one x chromosome is active out of the 2

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