10th World Studies 3.31.17 Today’s Agenda: The Rise of Dictators NONE Turn in: 28.3 (Stamp) Take out : Planner/Calendar Notes Textbook Today’s Learning Objectives: I can understand how different leaders changed the power structure in Europe following WWI. Today’s Agenda: The Rise of Dictators Franco, (Hirohito?) HW: NONE

Powerful & Continuing Nationalism Disdain for Human Rights Identification of Enemies/Scapegoats (as a Unifying Cause) Supremacy of the Military Rampant Sexism Controlled Mass Media Obsession with National Security

Religion & Government are intertwined Corporate Power is protected Labor Power is suppressed Disdain for Intellectuals & the Arts Obsession with Crime & Punishment Rampant Cronyism & Corruption Fraudulent Elections

Francisco Franco - Spain

Spain’s Background 1820—The Spanish Army overthrows the absolute monarch and makes Spain a constitutional monarchy. 1821—Absolute monarch restored by French forces 1833—to prevent a female succession, an attempted revolt by “Carlists” (Bourbon) is defeated by the army. The Carlists remain a strong, conservative force in Spanish politics. 1833-69—Rule of the Queens…army’s influence remains strong. 1869-70—Anarchy! 1870-71—Monarchy overthrown, First Republic established 1871—Army restores constitutional monarchy

Spain’s Background 1875-1918—Constitutional monarchy allows for “democratic elections.” System is rampant with corruption, results in an oligarchy…1898—Spanish-American War deals a fatal wound to Spain’s sense of nationalism. 1914-18—WWI, Spain remains neutral…economic growth 1918-23—economy falters (like the rest of Europe…) & 12 different governments unable to solve the problem. 1921—revolt in Spanish Morocco leads to massacre of army by Moors. 1923-30—General Primo de Rivera takes control in a bloodless coup…rules for 7years, permanently undermining the legitimacy of the monarchy. 1931—The king abdicates the throne and the Second Republic is established…

Spain’s background before 1931 Overwhelmingly agricultural population and economy Aristocratic landowners dominated in rural areas Extremely poor and uneducated peasantry Church dominated schooling Vast differences in wealth and education between cities and countryside, between regions, and between social classes Rapid industrialization after 1910 led to emergence of working class Growing separatist movements in Catalonia and the Basque country

Reform Program of 1931 King fled and Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed President Niceto Alcala Zamora Goals Expand power of the Cortes General Separation of church and state Universal suffrage Secular school system Govt was unable to stop mob violence against Church property and landowners Conservatives denounced the govt for anti-clericalism, ineffectiveness, and undemocratic practices Niceto Alcala Zamora

1933 Election & Aftermath Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) won a plurality Endorsed Alejandro Lerroux as Prime Minister Radicals increasingly turned to violent methods Increase in general strikes, street conflicts, assassination attempts, and attacks on religious buildings Conservatives began to form paramilitary and vigilante groups Govt crushed all rebellions Support for the govt dwindled on both left and right PM Alejandro Lerroux

1936 Election Loose coalition of left-wing parties called the Popular Front won a narrow victory over CEDA Socialist Party (PSOE), Liberals, Communist Party, regional nationalist parties Socialist Party refused to join coalition Prime Minister Manuel Azana (liberal) Cortes General replaced President Zamora with Azana on weak constitutional grounds Rightists were outraged and many gave up on parliament Manuel Azana

The Spark Jose Calvo Soleto: leading monarchist and conservative in the Cortes General Protested rising anti-religious terror, property seizures, & hasty agricultural redistribution July 13, 1936: Murdered by police with links to the Socialist Party Center and right parties were outraged Nationalist generals were already planning an uprising and this provided the justification for a coup Jose Calvo Soleto

Nationalist Coup Organized by Generals Jose Sajurjo & Emilio Mola Prime Minister Casares Quiroga sent Generals Llopis and Francisco Franco to commands in outlying islands to distance them from coup plots July 17: plotters broadcast the secret code to begin the coup Llopis and Franco seized the Balearic and Canary Islands Franco was flown to Spanish Morocco to take command of the Spanish Army of Africa

The Coup Fails Nationalist forces failed to take control throughout most of Spain Republican leaders were paralyzed by disagreement and indecision In areas, workers and anarchists raided govt armories and suppressed Nationalist forces themselves Within weeks Nationalists gained control of most of western and northern Spain Republicans retained control of eastern and central Spain

The Nationalists Cast the war as a struggle between Christian civilization and communism/anarchism To protect tradition, security, and the rule of law Opposed regional separatism Strongly anti-communist Staunchly Catholic Favored strong central power To defend the Church against anti-clericalism Supporters included most businessmen, practicing Catholics, army officers, landowners Carlists – favored restoration of the monarchy Falange – fascist party favoring a strong dictatorship and military Nationalists – favored a strong govt and unified country Military – most military officers joined the Nationalists CEDA – leaders and members of the right-wing political parties

Nationalist Leaders Francisco Franco Emilio Mola

The Nationalists Cast the war as a struggle between Christian civilization and communism/anarchism To protect tradition, security, and the rule of law Opposed regional separatism Strongly anti-communist Staunchly Catholic Favored strong central power To defend the Church against anti-clericalism Supporters included most businessmen, practicing Catholics, army officers, landowners Carlists – favored restoration of the monarchy Falange – fascist party favoring a strong dictatorship and military Nationalists – favored a strong govt and unified country Military – most military officers joined the Nationalists CEDA – leaders and members of the right-wing political parties

The Republicans Cast the war as a struggle between tyranny and democracy Centrists wanted to preserve moderate capitalist democracy Communists wanted to establish a Soviet-style “people’s republic” outlawing the right-wing Republican groups/parties generally had a wider range of goals and ideologies Supported by most workers, landless peasants, and educated middle class Republican Left – favored a liberal democracy Socialists (PSOE) – favored land distribution and worker-controlled factories Communists (POUM) – favored a Soviet-style communist govt/economy Trade unions – wide range of trade unions desired varying degrees of worker control over factories Catalans & Basques – desired regional autonomy or independence

Foreign Involvement League of Nations imposed an arms embargo to try to limit the fighting and carnage Britain & France were sympathetic to the Republicans but chose not to sell weapons Feared that assisting the Republicans might lead to open conflict with the Fascist powers Arms embargo proved ineffective as weapons freely entered Spain to assist both sides

German Involvement Franco asked Hitler and Mussolini to assist the Nationalists Germany provided mostly aircraft, tanks, equipment and advice 19,000 troops 600 planes (Condor Legion) 200 tanks 1000 artillery pieces Hitler’s motives To win another ally against Britain and France To gain access to Spanish raw materials and ports during war time To test and improve the Luftwaffe

Fascism Triangle… Block the advance of Commies!!! MUST SURROUND THE DARN FRENCH!!!

Italian Involvement Italy provided more troops but less equipment than Germany 50,000 troops 660 aircraft 150 tanks 1000 artillery pieces Italian Navy helped stop arms shipments to Republicans Mussolini’s motives Fascist solidarity To gain concessions from Spain in the Mediterranean Not to be outdone by Hitler

Soviet Involvement Soviet Union defied the arms embargo and secretly provided the Republic with much equipment but no troops Attempted to conceal activities by sending old equipment and disguising shipments Arms shipments were usually small and arrived unpredictably Forced the Republic to buy the arms using gold reserves Equipment 3000 advisers and troops 806 aircraft 362 tanks 1555 artillery pieces Soviet Union advised all members of Comintern to send volunteers and munitions to the Republic Soviet agents tried to strengthen the Spanish Communist Party and weaken the other Republican factions Stalin’s motives To spread communism To preoccupy the German military To embarrass Britain and France Soviet involvement enabled Nationalists to paint the Republicans as Bolsheviks

Volunteers On the Republican side On the Nationalist side 8000 from Portugal 700 from Ireland Unknown # from Romania On the Republican side Called the International Brigades Saw Spain as the frontline in the fight against fascism 30,000 foreigners from 53 countries mostly communists and intellectuals Over 1000 each from France, Italy, Germany, Poland, US, Britain, Belgium, Ireland, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Canada, Romania, Switzerland, China Only the Mexican govt supported the Republic and sent a significant amount of money and equipment

1936 Nationalists consolidated control of northern and southern Spain Franco consolidated his control over Nationalist forces and forced factions to unify Nationalists launched an offensive against Madrid but were repulsed due to arrival of International Brigades Republic moved the capital to Valencia

1937 Italian and German troops and equipment arrived in force April: Condor Legion bombed town of Guernica Republic launched counter-offensive in Madrid area and killed Mola Nationalists consolidated control of northern Spain Republic moved the capital to Barcelona

Guernica – Pablo Picasso 1937

1938 Nationalists conquered most of northern Spain and isolated Catalonia from the south Major Republican counter-offensive called the Battle of the Ebro ultimately failed Munich Agreement destroyed Republican hope in Western support Republic moved the capital back to Valencia

1939 Franco conquered Catalonia by February Madrid and Valencia were conquered in March 50,000+ Republicans were executed More were submitted to forced labor Over 500,000 Republicans fled to France but most were deported back to Spain Some were sent to German concentration camps during WW2 Some guerilla warfare continued into the 1950s

“Atrocities” By the Nationalists By the Republicans Executed at least 130,000 Targeted teachers, union leaders, officials, and citizens of captured cities Targeted Protestants and their churches Attempted to eradicate the Basque culture German and Italian air forces conducted aerial bombing of cities 50,000+ Republicans were executed after the war By the Republicans Executed at least 55,000 Targeted clergy and desecrated Church property Killed 20% of all Spanish clergy Nationalist sympathizers were often killed in retaliation for Nationalist atrocities or victories Communists frequently targeted other members of the Republican coalition

Hirohito, Tojo, and the rise of Japan

Japan becomes an Imperial Power Japan was a “feudal state” 1853: Matthew Perry forces the Japanese to open trade or face war 1868: Traditional government falls apart and the Meiji Era begins Sends ½ of the government to learn from the Western world See Manchester (England) and realize the importance of Industrialization ½ stays in Japan Invade Korea

Another Island Nation… I wonder what could happen…

The Japanese saw that if they didn’t learn about weapons—they would be defenseless. They would be conquered like the Chinese.

So Japan began to modernize—in 50 years it went from a medieval society to a modern, industrialized society! This was a remarkable change!

A new constitution is formed Japanese officials that were in the West learned about constitutions Took ideas from the Prussian Constitution Meiji Constitution Emperor at the top Military answers only to the emperor (and in future will help rule) In the 1920-30’s Great Depression and Government Corruption lead to the military appointing a “Prime Minister” to rule with Emperor 1920-30’s all Prime Ministers are being assassinated so there is fear for a non-military prime minister to be in charge

Emperor Hirohito (Showa) 1926 he becomes the Emperor Grandson of Meiji Appoints Tojo as Prime Minister

Hideki Tojo Country: Japan Type of Government: Militarism Goals and Ideas: Though Japan had an emperor, the military had taken control of the government Emperor Hirohito could not stand up to the powerful generals, but he was worshipped by the people, who often fought in his name Industrialization of Japan, lending to a drive for raw materials – how do you get raw materials? IMPERIALISM Invasion of Korea, Manchuria, and the rest of China (the League of Nations did nothing) Hideki Tojo, Military Leader of Japan Hirohito, Emperor of Japan

Tojo Hideki Tojo believed in the Racial Superiority of the Japanese people, especially over the Chinese. He was also ultra-nationalistic as well as very militaristic. He wanted to expand the Japanese empire throughout the Pacific Rim.

Tojo’s Rise to Power Joined the Japanese army • His military service included periods in Switzerland and Germany •Became “major general” in 1933 • Became head of the Kwantung Army military police in 1935 • He was appointed minister of war in 1941 by Fumimaro Kondoye A strong supporter of Nazi Germany • He feared long term plans of Joseph Stalin Advocated pre-emptive air strikes on both China and the Soviet Union Executed for charges of being a war criminal in 1948

Post WWI Japan Japan is facing economic depression and large population People of Japan (and China…) cannot go across the Pacific, instead sent to Manchuria Exclusion Acts Looking for markets to sell their industrialized goods Europe and Africa are taken by Europeans When Britain pulls out of China, Japan tries to take over Pan Asianism: “Asia is one” People of Japan cannot go across the Pacific, instead sent to Manchuria : 1923-Exclusion Act

Pan Asianism: “Asia is one” Japan reminds Asians that Asia is larger and higher populated than Europe Japan claims that they are the “true” Asians and unless culture has reached Asia, it must not be fully Asian To be “fully Asian” (according to Japanese) you must be controlled by the Japanese In other words: The Japanese believed they were helping the people they imperialized

Unless “culture” made it all the way up to Japan, the Japanese did not believe it was really “Asian”

Military and Political ideologies Invasion is necessary “Korea is the dagger into the heart of Japan” To protect Japan you must control Korea To protect Korea you must control Manchuria To protect Manchuria you must control China If they resist you must force them!

When Japanese troops moved forward to take in all of Northern China When Japanese troops moved forward to take in all of Northern China ... the world began to take seriously a document written by a Japanese Prime Minister in 1928 and discovered by China in 1931 – the Tanaka Memorial, a huge plan of world conquest going as far as India, Asia and Europe. (Pearl Harbor?) (Hoax?)

Aggression in Asia 1931—Japan Invades Manchuria Japan leaves the League of Nations By 1938, Japan has control of major cities along Chinese coast

The Rape of Nanking

In December 1937, the Japanese swept into the city of Nanking.

In six to eight weeks they killed over 300,000 people.

Women were targeted. They were abused and raped Women were targeted. They were abused and raped. In fact, this even is not known as the massacre of Nanking…

It is known as the Rape of Nanking—because the city and its women were literally “taken” and abused terribly.

Japanese soldiers sent home pictures of their atrocities Japanese soldiers sent home pictures of their atrocities. They did this to “show off” or “brag.” Therefore, we do have many pictures about what happened.

Japanese soldiers themselves photographed and documented the brutal raping of thousands of Chinese women, the bayoneting of infants for sport, and the rampant slaughter of the population. After 18 days, an estimated 300,000 people had been murdered. As a placard at the Nanjing Massacre Memorial Hall simply states, "The Chinese people suffered greatly."