Class Name, Instructor Name SEITER, CORRECTIONS: AN INTRODUCTION, 4E Chapter 6 Parole and Prisoner Reentry Class Name, Instructor Name Date, Semester

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Outline the history of parole, and specify the role played by Maconochie and Crofton. 6.1 Explain the importance of the Elmira Reformatory in the early development of parole in the United States. 6.2 Discuss the operation of the medical model as it relates to the use of rehabilitation, indeterminate sentences, and parole in the United States. 6.3 Describe alternatives proposed to the use of parole and indeterminate sentences during the 1970s. 6.4 Compare and contrast the ways inmates can be released from prison, including parole, supervised mandatory release, and unconditional mandatory release. 6.5

Describe the prisoner reentry process. CHAPTER OBJECTIVES Outline the use of parole guidelines using salient factor scores to determine parole readiness. 6.6 Describe the process of parole revocation and list the due process rights for offenders during this process. 6.7 6.8 Describe the prisoner reentry process. Identify how the process of prisoner reentry is different today from twenty years ago. 6.9 Summarize the issues associated with prisoners reentering the community. 6.10

Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 6.1 Outline the history of parole, and specify the role played by Maconochie and Crofton.

6.1 History of Parole 1840 Alexander Maconochie British penal colony Advocated indeterminate sentences Developed a “mark system” where inmates could earn early release

6.1 History of Parole 1854 Sir Walter Crofton Director, Irish Penal System Created a four-stage system of graduated release Inmates who were released early from confinement had low rates of recidivism

Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 6.2 Explain the importance of the Elmira Reformatory in the early development of parole in the United States.

6.2 Elmira Reformatory Elmira Reformatory 1876 Classification system Used the Irish system Inmates earned privileges NY created the first parole authority

Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 6.3 Discuss the operation of the medical model as it relates to the use of rehabilitation, indeterminate sentences, and parole in the United States.

6.3 The Medical Model Post-World War II Development of the Medical Model Dangerous inmates could be incarcerated longer with a determinate sentence Parole Boards ensure that inmates have plans for release to the community With parole board review, inmates have an incentive for good behavior Parole allows for supervision of an inmate while in the community

Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 6.4 Describe the alternatives proposed to the use of parole and indeterminate sentences during the 1970s.

Alternatives to Parole and Indeterminate Sentencing 6.4 Alternatives to Parole and Indeterminate Sentencing 1970s Justice Model Determinate sentences No parole Treatment voluntary Just Deserts Model Punishment should fit the crime Determinate sentences based solely on the severity of the crime Discretionary Parole The parole board makes the decision on early release

Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 6.5 Compare and contrast the ways inmates can be released from prison, including parole, supervised mandatory release, and unconditional mandatory release.

Inmates serve a portion 6.5 Prisoner Reentry Unconditional Mandatory Release Inmates serve a portion of their sentence, but may be released by a parole board without community supervision Supervised Mandatory Release Inmates serve a determinate sentence followed by mandatory community supervision vs.

Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 6.6 Outline the use of parole guidelines using salient factor scores to determine parole readiness.

6.6 Parole Guidelines Parole Commission and Reorginizatrion Act of 1976 mandated that the U.S. Parole Commission use guidelines to determine an inmate’s release on parole. The “salient factor score” was developed. Prior convictions Age at current offense Escape status Prior incarcerations Recent commitment-free period Older offender?

6.6 Parole Guidelines Concerns when moving away from indeterminate sentencing: Inmates typically serve shorter sentences Without parole, inmates are unaccountable Eliminating parole does not eliminate discretionary release Parole boards reduce disparity Parole boards serve as a safety valve for overcrowding Abolishing parole can lead to abandonment of post-release supervision

6.6 Parole Guidelines Figure 6.4

Parole Boards Autonomous 6.6 Parole Guidelines Hearing Officers Some states use hearing officers to make recommendations to parole boards Minimal Due Process Not all states allow inmates to have legal representation Parole Boards Autonomous Parole boards are often made up of members who are political appointees

Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 6.7 Describe the process of parole revocation and list the due process rights for offenders during this process.

6.7 Parole Revocation After classification, parolees are assigned a supervision level Basic Low No contacts required One drug test per month Basic Medium One contact per month Drug tests twice monthly Basic High Three contacts per month Drug tests three times monthly Intensive Five contacts per month Four drug tests per month

6.7 Parole Revocation Table 6.4

6.7 Parole Revocation Just as with probation, an offender’s parole can be revoked. Parole modified to add conditions, or yes Is there a parole violation? Does the offender stipulate to a violation? yes yes Revocation hearing no Preliminary Revocation Hearing; Probable cause? yes Notice of violation; arrest Full hearing

Legal Protection of Parolees 6.7 Parole Revocation Morrissey v. Brewer (1972) Parole creates liberty Interest which triggers due process for revocation to occur Legal Protection of Parolees

Describe the prisoner reentry process. Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 6.8 Describe the prisoner reentry process.

Parole and Prisoner Reentry 6.8 Parole and Prisoner Reentry During 2010, 708,677 prisoners were released by American prisons. These offenders face a multitude of challenges, including: Employment Homelessness Lack of needed skills Lack of family/broken connections Guerino, Harrison, and Sabol, “Prisoners in 2010,” p. 5.

Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 6.9 Identify how the process of prisoner reentry is different today from twenty years ago.

Parole and Prisoner Reentry 6.9 Parole and Prisoner Reentry Pre-1980s Used the medical model, focused on inmate rehabilitation 1980s-Present Determinate sentencing Evidence-based programming

Learning Objectives After this lecture, you should be able to complete the following Learning Outcomes 6.10 Summarize the issues associated with prisoners reentering the community.

Reentry into the Community 6.10 Reentry into the Community Progress in Prisoner Reentry Treatment Job Training Mentoring Programming for children of inmates Early release for older inmates Job Training

CHAPTER SUMMARY Alexander Maconochie developed the “mark system,” which allowed inmates to earn early release from prison. Walter Croton implemented many of Maconochie’s ideas to create the precursor of parole we use today. 6.1 In 1876, the Elmira Reformatory in New York is recognize as the first American prison to institute parole; however, it was not until 1930 that an independent parole authority was created. 6.2 The medical model of studying criminal behavior prior to the 1980s theorized that offenders had an environmental or psychological condition which caused their criminal behavior. 6.3 The medical model was abrogated in the 1980s in favor of a return to classical criminology: let the punishment fit the crime. 6.4

CHAPTER SUMMARY Currently parole exists in the form of supervised mandatory release and unsupervised mandatory release. 6.5 The U.S. Parole Commission developed the use of the salient factor score to assist parole boards in determining who should be released on parole. 6.6 All parolees have certain standard conditions which must be complied with and additional conditions can be added to meet the special circumstances and needs of an offender. 6.7 Prisoners reentering communities experience many challenges, including homelessness, lack of employment, and cultural changes. 6.8

CHAPTER SUMMARY With the current emphasis on evidence-based programming, prisons now include more programs in prison to aid parolees to be successful. 6.9 Those parolees who are successful when returned to the community have had regular contact with their families while in prison, have participated in job training, education, and substance abuse programs before release. 6.10