Review 1st Midterm Linguist LI 2013 Nathalie F. Martin Prendre le temps de me presenter

Table of Content Here is what will be on the exam: Fields of linguistics (in class + handout) Language: The Nature of Communication (chap. 1, Rowe & Levine) Human Communication Language and Grammar International Phonetic Alphabet Morphology (chap. 4, Rowe & Levine)

What you should know: Derivation: Def: Morphology Morphemes: Free, bound morphemes Analysing Word Structure Root, affix Base Affix: prefix, suffix, infixes, circumfix Derivation: English derivational affixes Constraints in derivation Trees MORPHOLOGY (chap. 4, Rowe & Levine)

MORPHOLOGY (continued) What you should know: Inflection: Inflection in English Inflection vs. Derivation Compounding: Properties of compounds  Other Morphological Phenomenon: Processes: Compounding, Conversion, Clipping, Blending, Back-formation, Acronyms, Onomatopoeia, Eponyms & Trade names, Derivation, Other word formation processes MORPHOLOGY (continued) (chap. 4, O’Grady)

Trees – Word Structure Draw tree. a) b) Reference: O’Grady & al. (2009)

Trees – Word Structure Draw trees. c) Reference: O’Grady & al. (2009)

Morphology Invent a word using this root : WORSHIP by adding a prefix to this base (make sure that there are no constrains to the combination). And then adding a suffix. Draw the structure (tree) of the two words that you have just created. What are the lexical categories of these words?

Communication Who/what can communicate? What does one (human or non human) need to be able to communicate? What is language? Do animals have language abilities?

Communication Communication is a behaviour, or the transmission of information, that affects the behaviour of others. When a living organism (or machine) communicates it sends messages about itself or its environment. The message is placed into a code. Humans have a highly elaborate code called language. Retour sur la notion de « communication »

LANGUAGE: AN INTRODUCTION What you should know: How humans are made to speak What is language Linguistic competence vs. performance Descriptive vs. Prescriptive approach to language Grammar: Generality, parity, universality, mutability, inaccessibility LANGUAGE: AN INTRODUCTION (chap. 1, O’Grady)

Things you should know … What is language? Definiti0n: language, languages and speech Linguistic competence vs. performance

Language, Languages and Speech FRENCH ENGLISH “Language” Language/ability The innate ability to learn and produce language/code. Natural, universal and innate ability (amongst humans). “Langue” Language/code A code or system, used by consensus. Ex: different languages (French, English, Spanish, Greek, etc.). Collective (used within a language group, speakers of the language) “Parole” Speech The individual act of speaking (Concrete use of the language/code). Ex: “Please stop the bus!” Individual.

Communication Process (Jakobson) Topic of reference Context Information Sender Message Receiver Channel Air Code Languages: English, French, etc.

Dialects Dialect: A regional or social variety of a language characterized by it’s own phonological, syntactic, or lexical properties. We will use the term « Variety » in this class instead of speaking of dialects. What comes to mind when I say “dialect”?

Pidgin Pidgin: A variety that emerges when speakers of a different language are brought together in a stable situation requiring intergroup communication; it has no native speakers and generally is considered to have a reduced grammatical system. Ex: Blood Diamond (Leonardo Dicaprio) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP5ILgKxapI&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04QTfxGMe_Y http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Pidgin_English West African Pidgin English, also called Guinea Coast Creole English, was the lingua franca, or language of commerce, spoken along the West African coast during the period of the Atlantic slave trade. British slave merchants and local African traders developed this language in the coastal areas in order to facilitate their commercial exchanges, but it quickly spread up the river systems into the West African interior because of its value as a trade language among Africans of different tribes. Later in its history, this useful trading language was adopted as a native language by new communities of Africans and mixed-race people living in coastal slave trading bases like James Island, Bunce Island, Elmina Castle, Cape Coast Castle, and Anomabu. At that point, it became a creole language. Some scholars call this language "West African Pidgin English" to emphasize its role as a lingua franca pidgin used for trading. Others call it "Guinea Coast Creole English" to emphasize its role as a creole native language spoken in and around the coastal slave castles and slave trading centers by people permanently based there.

Creole Creole: A variety that arises as the native language of the children of members of a pidgin speech community. Examples:

Descriptive or Prescriptive? Newfoundland English retains distinct morphology brought in by the original settlers (e.g. « I goes », « you goes » and « all the people goes »). It is not proper to use double negatives (e.g. I don’t have nothing).

Grammar, as seen through Linguist’s eyes ... Generality: Parity: Universality: Mutability: Inaccessibility: All languages have a grammar All grammars are equal Grammars are alike in basic ways Grammars change over time Grammatical knowledge is subconscious

What you should know: Linguistics Fields of linguistics (handout and in class) Descriptive linguistics Applied linguistics FIELDS OF LINGUISTICS (handout and Powerpoint)

Fields of Linguistics THEORETICAL LINGUISTICS Phonology Morphology Syntax  Semantics  Pragmatics APPLIED LINGUISTICS Sociolinguistics Psycholinguistics Neurolinguistics Computational linguistics

PHONETICS: A Brief Introduction What you should know: Sounds of English Consonants, vowels & glides IPA symbols general Consonants PHONETICS: A Brief Introduction (Handout and Powerpoint)

IPA Consonants Examples

IPA Vowels (examples)

IPA Vowels (Diphthongs)

IPA Glides (examples)

Phonetic Practice Read these words phonetically and write them out using conventional English spelling. [mit] [ ʃuz] [skul] [mju zɪk] Fill in the missing symbols. Cartoons = [ _ ɑ _ _ u _ _ ] Singing = [ _ ɪ _ ɪ _ ] English = [ɪ_ _ _ ɪ_] Cheese = [_ _ _ _ ]

Have a nice day. God bless you Have a nice day! God bless you! “Now to him who is able to keep you from stumbling and to present you blameless before the presence of his glory with great joy, to the only God, our Savior, through Jesus Christ our Lord, be glory, majesty, dominion, and authority, before all time and now and forever. Amen.” (Jud 1:24-25 )