DO NOW: 12/13/2017 This photo of a starving polar bear has been circulating around news organizations and social media. What could be some reasons that this is occurring?

Unicellular – consisting of one cell Multicellular – consisting of more than one cell Prokaryotic – cell that DO NOT contain a membrane bound nucleus Eukaryotic – cells that contain membrane bound organelles, including a nucleus

Autotroph – An organism that can make its own food. Heterotroph – An organism that cannot make its own food Asexual – produces a genetically identical offspring, 100% of DNA from parent Sexual – produces a genetically different offspring, 50% DNA from each parent

Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista True bacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Autotrophs and Heterotroph   Autotroph and Heterotroph Found in extreme environments   Eukaryotes Most are unicellular

Fungi Plantae Animalia Multicellular Eukaryotes All heterotrophs (consumers) Ex. mushrooms, yeast, ringworm Autotrophs (producers) Provides food for heterotrophs.   Heterotrophs (consumers)

Cell wall Chloroplasts Vacuole Photosynthesis Autotrophs Plant Cell Animal Cell Cell wall Chloroplasts Vacuole Photosynthesis Autotrophs ER Cell membrane Nucleus Mitochondria Cytoplasm Ribosomes multicellular Heterotrophs lysosomes

Cytoplasm Cell wall Cell membrane Vacuole Nucleus Rough ER Nucleus Smooth ER Nucleus Ribosomes Chloroplasts Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria

Cell membrane Cytoplasm Lysosome Rough ER Nucleus Nucleus Smooth ER Nucleus Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria

What are the functions for the following organelles? nucleus – controls cell activities (the brain) and genetic materials cell membrane – controls movement of materials in and out of the cell cell wall – supports the plant – allows it to grow tall, protects the cell Mitochondria - breaks down sugar molecules into energy chloroplast – uses energy from the Sun to make food for the plant, contains chlorophyll

Facilitated Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion  

Use the diagram of active transport to help explain how active transport works. Molecules move from an area of low concentration to high concentration. Cellular energy is required to move materials through the protein. Calcium, potassium and sodium are moved into and out of the cell by this process.

Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Different Alike Cellular Respiration Reactants are sunlight, carbon dioxide and water Both cell processes Reactants are oxygen and glucose Products are oxygen and glucose ATP is key molecule Products are carbon dioxide, energy and water Happens in the chloroplast Occur in organelles Happens in mitochondria

The oxygen produced by plants during photosynthesis is what humans and animals inhale for the blood to transport to the cells for respiration. The carbon dioxide produced during respiration is released from the body and absorbed by plants to help provide the energy they need for growth and development. This is the never ending cycle that sustains life on earth. Photosynthesis: Cellular Respiration: Solar Photosynthesis Chloroplast Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Cellular Respiration ATP Mitochondria

What are abiotic factors What are abiotic factors? How do biotic factors affect the populations of organisms in their environments? Abiotic factors are non-living things Sun - availability increases photosynthesis Temperature – will determine the life the area can support Soil - Nutrient poor soils support smaller populations. Water – availability, movement, temperature, saltiness, chemical components Changing Conditions - drought, flood, volcanic eruption, earthquake bring about changes that reduce populations.

Biotic factors are living things What are biotic factors? How do abiotic factors affect the populations of organisms in their environments? Biotic factors are living things Competition for food Predator-prey relationships Parasitism Disease Human activities

Explain the levels of organization in the prairie biome. Ecosystem – All of the living (biotic) and all of the physical nonliving factors (abiotic) in an area. Community – The populations of organisms of different species in a specific area at a given time. Populations – Comprised of all the individuals of a given species in an area at a certain time. Organism – An individual form of life

What is carrying capacity on the graph What is carrying capacity on the graph? How does carrying capacity affect populations? 50 Sunfish is the carrying capacity. Carrying capacity is the largest number of individuals of the same species that an area can support. If the population exceeds the carrying capacity, some individuals will die or move to another location.

Mutualism Commensalism Mutualism Predator-prey Parasitism Competitive ____________________ A bee gets nectar from a flower and the flower gets pollinated. ____________________ A bird builds its nest in a tree.   ______________________ An alligator gets its teeth cleaned by a clover and the clover bird gets a source of food. ____________________ A wolf kills a deer and eats it. ____________________ Ticks attach themselves to a dog and drink blood from the dog. ____________________ The jaguar and python both eat the golden lion tamarin. Commensalism Mutualism Predator-prey Parasitism Competitive

Explain how energy flows through the ecosystem based on the energy roles of the organisms (producers, consumers, and decomposers). A food web consists of many overlapping food chains in an ecosystem. Producers form the base of the food web. First level consumers eat the producers. Second level consumers eat the first level consumers Third level consumers eat the second level consumers. Decomposers consume the wastes and remains of other organisms.

What organisms in the food web diagram are second level consumers? Snake Bird Salamander Hawk

Describe how much energy transfer occurs throughout the trophic levels of an energy pyramid. The most energy is available at the producer level. As energy moves up the pyramid, each level has less energy available than the level before. Only about 10 percent of the energy is transferred to the next level. Most of the energy at each level is converted to heat.

What are the climates for the different biomes? Desert Tundra Taiga   Receives less than 25 cm of rain per year. Undergo large shifts in temperature during the course of a day.  Extremely cold and dry Receives no more precipitation than a desert Most of the soil is frozen all year (permafrost)  Most of the trees are coniferous Very cold winters Rainy and warm summers

What are the climates for the different biomes? cont… Grassland Tropical Rain Forest Deciduous Forest Receive 25-75 cm of rain per year Populated by grasses and non-woody plants Fires and droughts are common    Found in regions close to the equator Warm and humid all year long 125 to 660 cm average yearly rainfall Trees shed their leaves and grow new ones each year Receives at least 50cm of rain per year. Temperatures can vary greatly during the year.

How does the removal of a species from grassland biome affect the biodiversity? Give two explanations.

How are humans making a positive impact on the environment? Preservation Awareness Pollution control Conservation efforts Captive breeding Finding renewable energy sources

How are humans making a negative impact on the environment? Poaching Deforestation Pollution Greenhouse gas emission

Why are the root nodules found in legumes important to the nitrogen cycle? Most nitrogen fixation is performed by certain kinds of bacteria. These bacteria live in bumps called nodules on the roots of legumes.

What is the role of plants and animals in the carbon cycle? Most producers take in carbon dioxide gas from the air during photosynthesis. They use carbon from the carbon dioxide to make food. As consumers eat producers, they take in the carbon-containing molecules. Both producers and consumers then break down the food to obtain energy in the process of cellular respiration. As the food is broken down, consumers release carbon dioxide and water into the environment. When producers and consumers die, decomposers break down their remains and return carbon molecules to the soil. Some decomposers also release carbon dioxide.