History of Geography Began to assist with navigation 2300 BC (Babylonians) – oldest surviving maps Eratosthenes – 1st person to use the term “geography”

Pattison’s 4 traditions of Geography Spatial Tradition (also called Locational Tradition) Spatial analysis Boundaries and densities Movement and transportation Quantitative techniques and tools, such as computerized mapping and Geographic Information Systems Central Place Theory Areal distribution Spatial patterns mapping

Pattison’s 4 traditions of Geography Area Studies Tradition (also called Regional Tradition) Description of regions or areas World regional geography International trends and relationships How regions are different from one another The chorographic tradition (regions)

Pattison’s 4 traditions of Geography Man-Land Tradition (also called Human-Environmental, Human-Land, or Culture-Environment Tradition) Human impact on nature Impact of nature on humans Natural hazards Perception of environment Environmentalism Cultural, political, and population geography

Pattison’s 4 traditions of Geography Earth Science Tradition Physical geography The lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere Earth-sun interaction Offshoots are geology, mineralogy, paleontology, glaciology, geomorphology, and meteorology The study of the earth as the home to humans

Site Factors – a place’s physical factors Climate Vegetation Soil Landforms Natural Disasters

1 Climate Factors that affect climate - Latitude Elevation Rainfall Ocean Currents

Koppen’s system – 5 climate zones Tropical Dry Warm Mid-latitude Cold Mid – latitude Polar

Know your Latitude Zones* Additional info: http://maps.unomaha.edu/Peterson/geog1000/Notes/Notes_Exam1/Seasons&Climate.htm High Latitude (Polar Zone) 66.50 N – 900 N Axis, 23.50 Mid-Latitude (Temperate Zone) 23.50 – 66.50 N Tropic of Cancer, 23.50 N Low Latitude (Tropical Zone) 00 – 23.50 N/S Equator, 00 Tropic of Capricorn, 23.50 S mirror each other in terms of latitude are opposites in terms of seasons Northern & Southern Hemispheres Mid-Latitude (Temperate Zone) 23.50 – 66.50 S High Latitude (Polar Zone) 66.50 S – 900 S 900 S * Zones = Regions

Know your Latitude Zones* High Latitude (Polar Zone) 66.50 N – 900 N Axis, 23.50 Additional info: http://maps.unomaha.edu/Peterson/geog1000/Notes/Notes_Exam1/Seasons&Climate.htm Varied vegetation to Desert areas @ poles, taiga to shrubs, lichen, little variation b/w seasons. Transition area b/w tropic and polar regions, 4 seasons, wide variety of temperatures, animals & plant species. More rain near equator; less rain near poles. Mid-Latitude (Temperate Zone) 23.50 – 66.50 N 450 N Tropic of Cancer, 23.50 N Daily rainfall (up to ~100” annually. Lush vegetation and tropical forests. Large number of plants and animal species. Monsoons. Low Latitude (Tropical Zone) 00 – 23.50 N/S Equator, 00 Tropic of Capricorn, 23.50 S mirror each other in terms of latitude are opposites in terms of seasons Northern & Southern Hemispheres Mid-Latitude (Temperate Zone) 23.50 – 66.50 S Transition area b/w tropic and polar regions, 4 seasons, wide variety of temperatures, animals & plant species. More rain near equator; less rain near poles. 450 S High Latitude (Polar Zone) 66.50 S – 900 S Varied vegetation to Desert areas @ poles, taiga to shrubs, lichen, little variation b/w seasons. 900 S * Zones = Regions

Agricultural Products APPLICATION - This will give deeper understanding of latitude and show that you understand the basic concepts. For more practice, get a map of the world and explore places you are interested in, check climate & vegetation and determine latitude zone. STEP 1: Look up the following absolute locations, list the city/country, and determine it’s latitude zone (HL, ML, or LL) STEP 2: Go to https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/. and open ECONOMY section and scroll to AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS. List the products. Make observations. Absolute Location City, Country HL, ML, LL 40,7° N, 74° W New York, USA ML 6.1° S, 106.8° E Jakarta. Indonesia LL 22.9° S, 43.1° W Rio de Janeiro. Brazil 51.5° N, 0.12° W London. UK 37.8° S, 144.9° E Melbourne. Australia 70.6° N, 23.6° E Hammerfest, Norway HL 8.9° N, 38.7° E Addis Ababa. Ethiopia 35.6° N, 139.6° E Tokyo. Japan 31.7° N, 35.2° E Jerusalem. Israel 21.3° N, 39.8° E Mecca. Saudi Arabia Agricultural Products Hay, soy, wheat, apples, berries, cabbage, corn, beef, pork, poultry, dairy & forest products rubber and similar products, palm oil, poultry, beef, forest products, shrimp, cocoa, coffee, medicinal and spices coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, poultry; fish wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry barley, wheat, potatoes; pork, beef, veal, milk; fish cereals, coffee, oilseed, cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, flowers; hides, cattle, sheep, goats; fish vegetables, rice, fish, poultry, fruit, dairy products, pork, beef, flowers, potatoes/taros/yams, sugar cane, citrus, vegetables, cotton; beef, poultry, dairy products wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens, eggs, milk

Agricultural Products APPLICATION - This will give deeper understanding of latitude and show that you understand the basic concepts. For more practice, get a map of the world and explore places you are interested in, check climate & vegetation and determine latitude zone. STEP 1: Look up the following absolute locations, list the city/country, and determine it’s latitude zone (HL, ML, or LL) STEP 2: Go to https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/. and open ECONOMY section and scroll to AGRICULTURE PRODUCTS. List the products. Make observations. Absolute Location City, Country HL, ML, LL 40,7° N, 74° W New York, USA ML 6.1° S, 106.8° E Jakarta. Indonesia LL 22.9° S, 43.1° W Rio de Janeiro. Brazil 51.5° N, 0.12° W London. UK 37.8° S, 144.9° E Melbourne. Australia 70.6° N, 23.6° E Hammerfest, Norway HL 8.9° N, 38.7° E Addis Ababa. Ethiopia 35.6° N, 139.6° E Tokyo. Japan 31.7° N, 35.2° E Jerusalem. Israel 21.3° N, 39.8° E Mecca. Saudi Arabia Agricultural Products Hay, soy, wheat, apples, berries, cabbage, corn, beef, pork, poultry, dairy & forest products rubber and similar products, palm oil, poultry, beef, forest products, shrimp, cocoa, coffee, medicinal herbs, essential oil, fish and its similar products, and spices coffee, soybeans, wheat, rice, corn, sugarcane, cocoa, citrus; beef cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, poultry; fish wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry barley, wheat, potatoes; pork, beef, veal, milk; fish cereals, coffee, oilseed, cotton, sugarcane, vegetables, flowers; hides, cattle, sheep, goats; fish vegetables, rice, fish, poultry, fruit, dairy products, pork, beef, flowers, potatoes/taros/yams, sugar cane, tea, legumes, wheat and barley citrus, vegetables, cotton; beef, poultry, dairy products wheat, barley, tomatoes, melons, dates, citrus; mutton, chickens, eggs, milk

2. Vegetation Determines what natural resources are available or lacking

3. Soil Determines farming practices

4. Landforms Geomorphology – study of the earth’s landforms

Population Distribution Economic Choices People prefer flat land – Agriculture Avoid the 5 Too’s – too hot, too cold, too wet, too dry, too high

5. Natural Disasters