EE513 Audio Signals and Systems LPC Analysis and Speech Kevin D. Donohue Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Kentucky

Speech Generation Speech can be divided into fundamental building blocks of sounds referred to as phonemes. All sounds result from turbulence through obstructed air flow The vocal cords create quasi-periodic obstructions of air flow as a sound source at the base of the vocal tract. Phonemes associated with the vocal cord are referred to as voiced speech. Single shot turbulence from obstructed air flow through the vocal tract is primarily generated by the teeth, tongue and lips. Phonemes associated with non-periodic obstructed air flow are referred to as unvoiced speech. Taken from http://www.kt.tu-cottbus.de/speech-analysis/

Speech Production Models The general speech model: Unvoiced Speech Quasi-Periodic Pulsed Air Air Burst or Continuous flow Voiced Speech Vocal Tract Filter Vocal Radiator Sources can be modeled as quasi periodic impulse trains or random sequences of impulses. Vocal tract filter can be modeled as an all-pole filter related to the tract resonances. The radiator can be modeled as a simple gain with spatial direction (possibly some filtering)

Vocal Tract Resonances Vocal tract length corresponds to signal wavelength (). It can be obtained from resonant frequencies (f ) estimated from recorded speech sounds and the speed of sound (c), using equation: First 3 resonances of tube with 1 closed end 1/4 Wavelength 3/4 Wavelength 5/4 Wavelength Image adapted from: hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu

Vocal Tract Resonances The resonances of the vocal tract are called formants and can be estimated from peaks of the spectrum where the effects of pitch have been smoothed out (i.e. spectral envelope).

Low Order AR Modeling If the voiced speech is characterized by an all pole model with low order (i.e. about 10 for sampling rate of 8kHz), then the pole frequencies correspond to the resonances of the vocal tract: The above transfer function can represent a filter that computes the error between the current sample and the sample predicted from previous samples. Therefore, it is call a prediction error filter.

Example Create an “auh” sound (as the “a” in about or “u” in hum) and use the (linear prediction coefficient) LPC command to model this sound being generated from a quasi-periodic sequence of impulses exciting an all pole filter. The LPC command finds a vector of filter coefficients such that prediction error is minimized. Predict x(n) from previous samples: Compute prediction error sequence with: Use Z-transforms to find transfer function of filter that recovers x(n) from the LPCs and error sequence e(n).

LPC Derivation Derive an algorithm to compute LPC coefficients from a stream of data that minimizes the mean squared prediction error. Let be the sequence of data points and be the Mth order LPC coefficients, and be the prediction estimate. The mean squared error for the prediction is given by:

LPC Computation Put prediction equations in matrix form: Each row of is a prediction of the corresponding sample in

LPC Computation The mean squared error can be expressed as: If derivative is taken with respect to a and set equal to 0, the result is:

LPC Computation Transpose of the data matrix times itself results in the autocorrelation matrix: The data matrix transpose times the future (p-vector) values become a sequence of autocorrelation values starting with the first lag:

Autocorrelation and LPC Define the autocorrelation of a sequence as: Note that the LPC coefficients are computed from the autocorrelation coefficients: Autocorrelation Matrix

Script for Analysis winlens = 50; %PSD window length in milliseconds [y,fs] = wavread('../data/aaa3.wav'); % Read in wavefile winlen = winlens*fs/1000; [cb,ca] = butter(5,2*100/fs,'high'); % Filter to remove LF recording noise yf = filtfilt(cb,ca,y); [a,er] = lpc(yf,10); % Compute LPC coefficient with model order 10 predy = filter(a,1,yf); % Compute prediction error with all zero filter kd=1; % Starting figure number figure(kd) ; plot(predy); hold on; plot(yf,'g'); hold off; title('Prediction error'); xlabel('Samples'); ylabel('Amplitude') recon = filter(1,a,predy); % Compute reconstructed signal from error and all-pole filter figure(kd+1) % Plot reconstructed signal plot(recon,'b') hold on % Plot with original delayed by a unit so it does not entirely overlap the perfectly reconstructed signal plot(yf(2:end),'r') hold off xlabel('Samples'); ylabel('Amplitude') title('Reconstructed Signal (blue) and Original (red)') % By examining a the error sequence, generate a simple impulse sequence to simulate its period (about 103 sample period) g = []; for k=1:150 g = [g, 1, zeros(1,55)]; end

Script for Analysis % Run simulated error sequence through all pole filter sim = filter(1,a,g); soundsc([(sim')/std(sim); zeros(fix(fs)*1,1); yf/std(yf)],fs) % Plot pole zero diagram figure(kd+2) r = (roots(a)) w = [0:.001:2*pi]; plot(real(r),imag(r),'xr',real(exp(j*w)),imag(exp(j*w)),'b') title('Pole diagram of vocal tract filter') xlabel('Real'); ylabel('Imaginary') % Find resonant frequencies corresponding to poles froots = (fs/2)*angle(r)/pi; nf = find(froots > 0 & froots < fs/2); % Find those corresponding to complex conjugate poles figure(kd+3) % Examine average specturm with formant frequencies [pd,f] = pwelch(yf,hamming(winlen),fix(winlen/2),2*winlen,fs); dbspec = 20*log10(pd); mxp = max(dbspec); % Find max and min points for graphing verticle lines mnp = min(dbspec); plot(f,dbspec,'b') % Plot PSD hold

Script for Analysis % Over lines on plot where formant frequencies were estimated from LPCs for k=1:length(nf) plot([froots(nf(k)), froots(nf(k))], [mnp(1), mxp(1)], 'k--') end hold off title('PSD plot with formant frequencies (Black broken lines)') xlabel('Hertz') ylabel('dB') % Get spectrum from the AR (LPC) parameters [hz,fz] = freqz(1, a, 1024, fs); figure(kd+4) plot(fz,abs(hz)) title('Spectrum Generated by LPCs') ylabel('Amplitude')

LPC Analysis Result Pole Frequencies of LPC model from vocal tract shape Frequency periodicities from harmonics of Pitch frequency

Vocal Tract Filter Implementations Direct form 1 for all pole model: z-1 … +

Vocal Tract Filter Implementations Direct form 1, second order sections: … z-1 + z-1 + + z-1 + + z-1

Vocal Tract Filter Implementations Lattice implementation are popular because of good numerical error and stability properties. The filter is implement in modular stages with coefficients directly related to stability criterion and tube resonances of the vocal tract (example of 2nd order system): z-1 + z-1 +

Example Record a neutral vowel sound, estimate the formant frequencies, and estimate the size of the vocal tract based on a 345 m/s speed of sound and assume an open-at-one-end tube model. Use LPCs estimated from the neutral vowel sound, to filter another sample of speech from the same speaker. Use it as an all zero filter and then as an all pole filter. Listen to the sound and describe what is happening. Convert the LPC coefficients for all-pole filter into a second order section and implement filter. Describe advantages of this approach. Modify the filter by maintaining the angle of the poles/zeros but move their magnitudes closer to the unit circle. Listen to the sound and explain what is happening.

Homework (1) Record a free vowel sound and estimate the size of your vocal tract based on the formant frequencies. Compute the LPCs from a free vowel sound and use the LPCs to filter another segment of speech with –10dB of white noise added. Use the LPCs as an all-zero filter and as an all-pole filter. Describe the sound of the filtered outputs and explain what is happening between the 2 filters. Move the poles and zeros further away from the unit circles and repeat part b). Describe the effect on the filtered sound when pole and zeros are moved away from the unit circle. Submit this description and the mfiles used to process the data.