Science Thoughts 9/11 What is a magnet? A magnet is an object with a north and south pole that produces a magnetic field and exerts a magnetic force.

Types of Friction Kinetic friction occurs when force is applied to an object and the object moves. Examples: Sliding Friction: pushing an object across a surface Rolling Friction: between wheels and a surface Fluid Friction: opposes the motion of objects traveling through a fluid (air or water)

Types of Friction Static friction occurs when force applied to an object does not cause the object to move.

Ex) Motor oil, wax, and grease Reducing Friction •To reduce the amount of friction, apply a lubricant between two surfaces. Ex) Motor oil, wax, and grease •Friction can also be reduced by rolling, rather than pushing, an object. Before you show ways to reduce friction, ask students to talk to a partner and brainstorm ways to reduce friction. If you have your desks in groups, you can say turn to your shoulder partner or talk to your face partner!

when the surface area of an object increases. Increasing Friction Friction increases when the surface area of an object increases. as surfaces are made rougher. when the force between two objects increases. Before you show ways to increase friction, ask students to talk to a different partner and brainstorm ways to increase friction.

Gravity Gravity is the force of attraction between matter. Gravity depends on: mass and distance Before starting the section on gravity, play the Brainpop video on gravity.

Mass and Gravity The more massive an object the more it can attract objects to itself. For example, the Sun has a larger gravitational effect than the Earth.

https://www.brainpop.com/science/motionsforcesandtime/g ravity/ Distance and Gravity The further away objects get from one another, the less gravitational attraction can be found. https://www.brainpop.com/science/motionsforcesandtime/g ravity/ (2:43)

Magnets A magnet is an object with a north and south pole that produces a magnetic field and exerts a magnetic force. Before beginning magnets, play the Brainpop video on magnetism.

Magnets A magnetic field is the force field that surrounds the magnet. A magnetic force can cause objects to attract or repel without needing to touch the magnet!

Like poles will repel or move away from one another. Opposite poles will attract or move towards one another. https://www.brainpop.com/science/motionsforces andtime/magnetism/

Compass A compass uses the Earth’s magnetic field and magnets to help a person determine direction. The magnet’s poles will line up with the Earth’s north magnetic pole and south magnetic pole.

Complete Magnet WebQuest Log into Discovery Education Username: wcp and lunch # Password: lunch #​ Complete ”Magnets" assignment Fill in all information on two worksheets Any work not completed in class must be completed by INB check on Monday

Science Thoughts 9/12 What is gravity and what 2 factors effect its strength? Gravity is the attraction between two objects and effected by mass and distance.

An object that possesses mechanical energy is able to do work. Possessed by an object due to its Kinetic : Motion Potential: Position

Energy Energy is the ability to do work. Energy is anything that can make matter move or change. Work is the use of force to move an object. The amount of work done depends on the amount of force exerted and the distance the object traveled. The formula for work is W = F x D.

What is Energy? Energy can mean lots of things. It’s everywhere! In physics, energy refers to the ability to do work (and usually has something to do with movement or action). Energy is anything that can make matter move or change.

Energy Transformation The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed. Instead, it must be transformed into another type of energy. https://www.brainpop.com/science/energy/formsofenergy/ 1:52

How does energy change as a roller coaster moves? Mechanical energy is changed to heat energy. The energy related to movement is changed because of the friction between wheels and the track.

How does energy change as a roller coaster moves? As the ride continues, the coaster has less and less mechanical energy. The engineers who design roller coasters use math to figure out how much mechanical energy is converted throughout the ride. They make each hill that follows smaller to compensate for this decrease in mechanical energy. Eventually the roller coaster changes most of its mechanical energy and is able to come to a safe stop.

Mechanical energy is either kinetic or potential. Mechanical energy is the energy that an object has because of its motion or position. Mechanical energy is either kinetic or potential.

Potential Energy https://www. brainpop Stored energy It is the energy that an object has because of its position or condition. It can be changed to kinetic energy.

Examples of Potential Energy A roller coaster on the top of a hill has the potential to move due to gravity. The higher the hill the greater the potential energy. Gasoline that is stored in a car has the potential to move the car. Nutrients in food has the potential to move your body.

Kinetic Energy https://www. brainpop The energy an object has because of its motion. The amount of kinetic energy an object has is influenced by its mass and speed.

Examples of Kinetic Energy A roller coaster that is full of people has a greater amount of mass than an empty roller coaster. A full roller coaster has more energy and force. The higher the first drop, the greater the speed and total energy the roller coaster will have. A taller track gives the roller coaster more energy than a shorter one.

Label the coaster. (8 minute video) https://app. discoveryeducation F- potential energy G- half potential and half kinetic H- all kinetic K- half potential and half kinetic

kinetic and potential energy is involved in the operation of simple machines

What is WORK? When an object is pushed or pulled over a distance. Science Thoughts 9/13 What is WORK? When an object is pushed or pulled over a distance.

What is Energy? Energy comes in a number of forms including: *potential energy, which is energy that’s stored in a system and waiting to come out; *kinetic energy, which is the energy in a moving system; *chemical energy, which is energy that’s stored in chemical bonds between atoms; *electrical energy, which is energy from interactions between charged particles;

What is Energy? * thermal energy, which relates to heat energy of molecules; *nuclear energy, which is energy that’s stored between the particles within atoms. *Light and other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as gamma rays or X-rays are also thought of as a form of energy. *The physicist Albert Einstein showed that in fact, pretty much all mass is a form of energy too!” http://www.brainpop.com/science/famousscientists/alberteinstein/

Mechanical, Electromagnetic, Electrical, TYPES OF ENERGY Mechanical, Electromagnetic, Electrical, Chemical and Thermal

What is Mechanical Energy? Energy due to a object’s motion (kinetic) or position (potential). The bowling ball has mechanical energy. When the ball strikes the pins, mechanical energy is transferred to the pins!

Examples of Mechanical Energy

What is Electromagnetic Energy? Light energy Includes energy from gamma rays, xrays, ultraviolet rays, visible light, infrared rays, microwave and radio bands

What is Electrical Energy? Energy caused by the movement of electrons Easily transported through power lines and converted into other forms of energy

What is Chemical Energy? Energy that is available for release from chemical reactions. The chemical bonds in a matchstick store energy that is transformed into thermal energy when the match is struck.

Examples of Chemical Energy

What is Thermal Energy? Heat energy The heat energy of an object determines how active its atoms are. A hot object is one whose atoms and molecules are excited and show rapid movement. A cooler object's molecules and atoms will show less movement.

How can energy be transformed from one form to another? The workings of the universe plus all of present day technology can be viewed from the perspective of energy flowing from one place to another and changing back and forth from one form to another.

How can energy be transformed from one form to another? Energy appears in different forms such as motion and heat Energy can travel in different forms, such as light, sound or electricity

How is energy transformed from one system to another? Energy can change from one form to another Some energy is always converted to heat Some systems transform energy with less loss of heat than others

How is energy transferred from one system to another? Energy is one of the fundamental building blocks of our universe. Energy can be transferred from a system to its environment Thermal - A warmer object is in contact with a cooler one Mechanical - Two objects push or pull on each other over a distance

How is energy transferred from one system to another? Energy can be transferred from a system to its environment Electrical An electrical source (for example, a battery or generator) is connected in a complete circuit to an electrical device Electromagnetic Waves (light, heat, UV, X-rays, etc.)

How is energy transferred from one system to another? Electrical energy Produced from a variety of energy sources Can be transformed into almost any other form of energy Batteries Store energy Transfer energy to components in a circuit Energy comes from chemical reactions

How is energy transferred from one system to another? Electrical energy Important because we can use it to make so many things work A bulb converts it into light energy A speaker converts it into sound energy

How is energy transferred from one system to another? Electrical energy Primary source of electrical energy is the heat generated by Burning fossil fuels Water power Wind power

How is energy transferred from one system to another? Electrical energy Secondary sources of energy Windmills Waterfalls Power plants A natural form = lightning

The ability to do work. (in physics – work is movement) Science Thoughts 9/14 What is energy? The ability to do work. (in physics – work is movement)

Electric Circuits Electricity is naturally present in lightning and static electricity, but the flow of the electrons in lightning and static electricity are not controlled or steady. In order for electricity to be useful in our homes and devices, there needs to be a steady flow of electrons called a current. There also needs to be a complete circuit or a complete loop through which the electrical current can pass. http://www.brainpop.com/technology/energytechnology/electricity/

FINISH INCOMPLETE ASSIGNMENTS FIRST Complete Flying Saucer Kit Today in Class FINISH INCOMPLETE ASSIGNMENTS FIRST Complete Flying Saucer Kit SECOND Complete Motion Detector Kit THIRD Complete FM Radio Kit FOURTH Complete Magnets Web Assignment Go to Google classroom to work on project Complete Nerd Words and Reflection

2nd period Study Jams: Ramon, Cody, Tim, Quincy, Jordan Force & Motion: Michael, Ramon, Cody, Tim, Quincy, Selena, Jordan Slippery Slope: Michael, Ramon, Cody, Tim, Phoenix, Quincy, Selena, Jordan, Alyssa INB #5 (entry #39-#47): Ramon, Cody, Tim, Taylor, Quincy, Selena, Alyssa INB #6 (entry #48-#52): Michael, Ramon, Cody, Tim, Quincy, Selena, Alyssa

3rd period Study Jams: Joshua, Jatarius Force & Motion: Roman, Joshua, Jatarius, Graham Slippery Slope: Roman, Joshua, Jatarius, Graham INB #5 (entry #39-#47): Joshua, INB #6 (entry #48-#52): Joshua, Graham, Kenneth

7th period Slippery Slope: Luke INB #5 (entry #39-#47): Kyle

8th period Study Jams: Emmanuel Force & Motion: Emmanuel Slippery Slope: Emmanuel, Carson, TJ INB #5 (entry #39-#47): Emmanuel INB #6 (entry #48-#52): Emmanuel, Carson

Science Thoughts 9/15 How can energy be transformed between systems? Give an example. Changes from one form to another to be used and/or passed to the next need.

Energy Transformation The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in a system. Instead, it must be converted, or transformed, into another type of energy. Energy transformation is when energy is changed from one form to another.

Energy Transformation *You can see the idea of energy transformation when you think about lighting a match. What happens is that the chemical energy stored in the match is converted into heat energy and light energy. *When electrical energy passes through a light bulb, electrical energy is transformed into light energy.

Electric Circuits Electricity is the presence or movement of electrons, which are tiny, negatively charged particles that orbit an atom’s nucleus. Electricity is what we get when electrons move from one place to another. Energy can be transferred from one system to another when two objects push or pull on each other over a distance. In the case of electricity, electrons are pushed and pulled through a circuit. A force is a push or a pull. There are many types of forces. The pushing and pulling of moving electrons is an electrical force. .

Electric Circuits Electricity is naturally present in lightning and static electricity, but the flow of the electrons in lightning and static electricity are not controlled or steady. In order for electricity to be useful in our homes and devices, there needs to be a steady flow of electrons called a current. There also needs to be a complete circuit or a complete loop through which the electrical current can pass. http://www.brainpop.com/technology/energytechnology/electricity/

Electric Circuits In a complete circuit, energy starts at a power source (for example a battery), moves through a conductor (for example, a metal wire), passes through a load (a device that uses electricity such as a light bulb or toaster) and returns back to the power source. It starts out in one place, travels around the circuit, and ends up back at the place where it originated. The electrons are pushed and pulled through the circuit. http://www.brainpop.com/science/energy/electriccircuits/

Batteries and Circuits Batteries are devices that use “energy transformation” to produce electricity. They work by changing stored chemical energy into electrical energy. A chemical reaction inside a battery creates electrons. These electrons are stored in the negative terminal (-) of the battery. When a battery is part of a complete circuit, the negative terminal pushes the electrons out. The electrons travel from the negative terminal, through the circuit to the positive terminal (+). The positive side of the battery pulls the electrons in. Batteries create an electrical force by pushing and pulling electrons through a complete circuit http://www.brainpop.com/science/energy/batteries/

Generating Electricity Power plants use generators to produce electricity. The electricity produced through these generators are secondary energy sources. Primary energy sources are found in nature and have not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process such as sunlight, wood, oil, coal and natural gas.

Secondary energy sources have been transformed from another source. To produce electricity through a generator, a heat source is needed to create the conditions in which electrical currents form. This heat can come from a variety of different primary energy sources including coal, hydro power, wind power, nuclear and solar energy.

Generating Electricity Water, wind and solar are some sources of green energy—meaning they do not pollute the environment.

You need a complete circuit for electrons to flow and have an electrical current. Electricity is important because we can use it to make so many things work. When electrons are pushed or pulled through a circuit (electrical force), the electrical energy can be converted through energy transformation into many other types of energy including light, heat, and sound. Thank you “energy transformation”!

Balanced and Unbalanced Forces a force is a push or a pull forces have two properties: direction and size (use VECTOR) forces can affect motion in several ways: faster, start, slower, stop, change direction Net forces: add if same direction subtract if different directions

Newton’s Laws First inertia – oppose change Second (not moving – stay not moving, moving – stay moving) Second force = mass * acceleration (Proportional and inversely proportional) Third equal and opposite force (for every action there is an opposite and equal reaction)

Newton’s Laws of Motion Three laws predict motion of all objects in the known world. A lot of the early work was performed by Galileo Galilei. Newton then built on the work of this ‘giant’. Galileo, Italian Scientist in early 1600s.

Newton’s Laws of Motion First Law Ex: The soccer ball will remain still until kicked by the player (unbalanced force). “Objects at rest remain at rest, and objects in motion remain in motion, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.”

Newton’s Laws of Motion The resistance of an object to change its speed or direction of motion The more the massive an object is, the more inertia it has. First Law (Continued) Inertia

Newton’s Laws of Motion “With increased force, a mass’ acceleration will increase. With increased mass, more force is needed to accelerate.” Second Law F=ma Ex: Using the same force, the lighter box will accelerate faster and move further than the heavier box. force acceleration force acceleration

Newton’s Laws of Motion Formula Force = Mass x Acceleration Or F = MxA Units for Force are called Newtons (N) [kg-m/s2] Second Law (Continued) Calculating Force

Newton’s Laws of Motion Third Law Ex: When you run, each foot puts force on the ground, in response, the ground pushes back with an equal and opposite force sending you forward. “Every time an object exerts a force on another object, the second objects exerts an force equal in size and opposite in direction back on the first object.”

Newton’s Laws of Motion Forces work in pairs. Use vectors to represent EQUAL and OPPOSITE forces. Third Law (Continued) Action / Reaction Forces Action Force Reaction Force

Text book 2.1 and 2.2 answers

Friction Force that opposes motion Objects in contact with each other 2 factors effect amount of friction roughness of surface force pushing objects together 2 types kinetic – rolling, sliding, fluid static – no movement Increases with more force, more surface, rougher surface

Forces and Motion Slippery Slope Lab answers More friction – less distance More mass Big parachute Slippery Slope Steel & steel went farther – less friction Steel & rubber went least – most friction Slide into base to stop faster – on base

Gravity the force of attraction between two objects depends on: mass and distance In a vacuum – no resistance so all objects fall at the same rate

Magnets Objects with north and south pole Magnetic field surrounding Force strongest - At poles Like poles repel Unlike poles attract

Magnets Lab answers Magnetic field surrounds magnet – attract and repel without touching Magnets strongest at poles North up for all three – all attract North – south – north – all repel South – north – north – repel and attract Conclusion – Opposites attract and same repels