Chapter 3 Migration Key Issues 2, 3, and 4

Key Issue 2 Where Do People Migrate Within a Country?

Did You Remember to Annotate the Title? WITHIN a country can be

Most significant migration trend in USA history.

Westward Expansion Pull Factors

Change Over Time: Center of USA Population

Interregional Migration From Rust Belt to Sun Belt For many years, this was most important manufacturing area of USA. But, as economic opportunity decreased in traditional manufacturing zones, people migrated to find new jobs and lower costs of living.

Bethlehem Steel Example of The Hollow Core 2007- Closed the plant. It is now abandoned. Began in 1861- Grew to be 2nd largest steel producer in the world.

Recent U.S. Interregional Trends

The Great Migration (1910 – 1970)

Thinking Like A Geographer Use ESPN to identify the main push and pull factors in this next group of RLEs.

Russia (USSR!): Interregional Migration in Soviet policies “encouraged” eastward and northward migration Government’s decision to locate new factories near resource-rich land Offered some economic incentives to away European region Did not work well, and ended with the collapse of the USSR

Russia’s Population Density

Interregional Migration in Canada Shares a similar east to west interregional migration pattern with the U.S. Three westernmost provinces are destinations for interregional migrants

Interregional Migration in Brazil Government moved its capital from Rio De Janeiro to Brasília (600 miles from Atlantic Coast) to encourage migration of Atlantic coast residents to move to the interior. This is called a “forward capital.”

Interregional Migration in China Nearly 100 million people have emigrated from rural interior to large urban areas along east coast where manufacturing jobs are available.

Intraregional Migration: U.S. Migration between cities, suburbs, and nonmetropolitan areas in 2010

Counterurbanization A new migration trend in MDCs during the late 20th C when rural areas were characterized by net in-migration Is most prevalent in places rich with natural amenities- environmental and cultural pull factors Rocky Mountain States

Key Issue 3 Why Do People Migrate?

Did You Remember to Annotate the Title? Push factors motivate people to move out of their present location Pull factors motivate people to move into a new location . One of Ravenstein’s Categories for his Migration Laws!

The ESPN of Push and Pull Factors The ESPN of Push-Pull The ESPN of Push and Pull Factors Push Pull Economic Social Political eNvironmental DRAW THIS CHART!

WITH A PARTNER, FILL OUT YOUR PUSH/PULL CHART

Political Push Factors Can be especially compelling, forcing people to migrate from a country United Nations recognizes groups of forced political migrants Refugees Internally Displaced Persons Asylum Seekers

Refugees Have been forced to migrate to avoid a potential threat to life/cannot return for fear of persecution. Syrians in a UN refugee camp in Lebanon

http://www.viewsoftheworld.net/?p=4777

Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) Have not crossed a border to find safety- they are on the run in their own country. IDPs stay within their own country and remain under the protection of its government, even if that government is the reason for their displacement. By the end of 2014, 38 million people had become displaced within their own country as a result of violence.

CLICK TO EXPLORE

Asylum Seekers Migrate to another country in hope of being recognized as refugees

Twentieth Century Social, Political, and Economic Instability Economic Western Europe pulls an increasing number of migrants from Eastern Europe for economic reasons Social Freedom and social tolerance are pull factors Political In the 20th C, forced international migration increased due to political instability resulting from cultural diversity

Environmental Push and Pull Factors Environmental Pull Factors Coastal Areas Warm Climates Lifestyle choices Environmental Push Factors Water: most common environmental threat Floods/Droughts Disease

Migrant Workers in Europe Guest workers emigrate mainly from Eastern Europe and North Africa to work in the wealthier countries of Western Europe

Migrant Workers in Asia Asia is both a SOURCE and a DESTINATION for migrant workers China 40,000,000 live and work in other countries Is a destination for poor workers from surrounding countries Still has MUCH MORE internal than international migration SW Asia Oil Jobs pay more Workers treated very poorly

China’s New Role: Economics As A Pull Factor

Don’t Forget! Immigration in the News Immigration article due Thursday! Remember to choose a different format. Add those details that take you to the top!

Key Issue 4 Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles? Remember to Annotate the Title!

Don’t Forget! Immigration in the News Immigration article due Thursday! Remember to choose a different format. Add those details that take you to the top!

Migrants cannot not always go to their desired destination because they are blocked by an intervening obstacle Intervening obstacles may be environmentalmountains, deserts, large bodies of water created by economics, government/politics, or social conditions.

U.S. Quota Laws Quota Act passed in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924 to assure that most immigrants to the United States continued to be Europeans Eliminated quotas for individual countries in 1965 and replaced with hemispheric quotas In 1978 the hemisphere quotas were replaced by a global quota of 290,000, including a maximum of 20,000 per country In 1990, the global quota was raised to 700,000 with no more than 7 percent from one country, but there are many qualifications and exceptions can alter the limit

Who Gets In? Preferences are shown toward: Family Reunification (about ¾ of immigrants) Skilled Workers (about ¼ of immigrants) and may set up chain migration Diversity (few immigrants- because their sending country historically has sent very few migrants)

Brain Drain Sending countries alleged preference for skilled workers contributes to brain drain- a term for the disproportionate amount of highly skilled and intelligent citizens migrating away from sending countries

China’s Wealthiest Are Leaving SOurcehttp://www.spiegel.de/international/world/fleeing-the-people-s-paradise-successful-chinese-emigrating-to-west-in-droves-a-817092.html

Undocumented Immigration to the United States People who cannot legally enter the United States choose to immigrate illegally. Census Bureau estimates 7 million undocumented immigrants are in the U.S. (other estimates are as high as 20 million!) More than a million persons are caught annually trying to cross the southern U.S. border Half of the undocumented residents legally enter the country as students or tourists and then remain after they are supposed to leave

Mexican Immigration: Most Documented and Undocumented in USA Mexican migration matches the migration transition and distance-decay theories U.S. border states are the primary destination Most immigrants originate not from Mexico’s northern states but from interior states Much of the migration is seasonal farm work

Characteristics of Mexican Migrants Ravenstein noted that most long- distance migrants have historically been male or young adults rather than families BUT since the 1990s the gender pattern has reversed, and Mexican women now constitute about 55% of U.S. immigration 40% young adults, 15% children Arizona Bus STation

A Matter of Perspective How do YOU frame the issue? What bias do you bring to the table? How do the terms unauthorized immigrant, undocumented immigrant, and illegal alien reflect the bias of the speaker/writer?

A Matter of Perspective View from the U.S. recognizes motives that compel unauthorized immigrants to enter illegally for better jobs, to reunite family, and to have a better way of life but not all welcome immigrants View from Mexico residents of northern Mexico wish for compassion to be shown to unauthorized immigrants residents of southern Mexico are less tolerant because of number of unauthorized immigrants entering Mexico from Guatemala

Not A New Issue

Many U.S. Citizens Support/Believe… Increased Border Patrols Workplace Initiatives A “Path to Citizenship” Allowing law enforcement officials to verify the legal status of anyone (but we fear racial profiling) Unauthorized immigration is a federal level issue CLICK TO EXPLORE

Migration Flows in Europe

Opponents of European Immigration Do not support population growth that is fueled by immigration from other regions of the world Fear is that the host country’s culture will be lost because immigrants adhere to different religions, speak different languages, and practice different cultural habits Hostility to immigrants has become a central plank of some political parties in many European countries Immigrants blamed for crime, unemployment rates, and high welfare costs

Immigration Played a Role in Brexit

Europeans as Emigrants- Cultural Diffusion Europe was the source of most of the world’s emigrants, during the nineteenth century and European culture was spread throughout the world: Indo-European languages are now spoken by half of the world Christianity has the world’s largest number of adherents Political structures and ideals used as a model European art, music, literature, philosophy, and ethics have diffused throughout the world Europeans strongly identify with EMIGRATION, but have a mixed perspective on IMMIGRATION

Quiz Yourself!

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