Dept. of Geology, Colby College Brian Levenson and Peg Schreiner Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania Dept. of Geology, Colby College Brian Levenson and Peg Schreiner kilimanjaro_5101.jpg

Kilimanjaro is located in northeastern Tanzania, close to the border of Kenya https://www.google.com/maps/@44.543346,-69.664965,13z http://www.janeingramallen.com/residency/Tanzania/map-africa.jpg

Kilimanjaro lies along the East African Rift Zone where three tectonic plates, the Arabian Plate, the Nubian Plate, and the Somalian Plate are pulling away from each other http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/East_Africa.html http://geology.com/articles/east-africa-rift.shtml

Kilimanjaro is stratovolcano that is made up of 3 cones: Kibo, Shira and Mawenzi http://www.georgefisher.com/images/Kilimanjaro/KiliLandsat.jpg Kibo is youngest and tallest cone. It is dormant and not considered at risk of an eruption Shira and Mawenzi are classified as extinct. There is no volcanic activity at these cones

Volcanic Activity at Kilimanjaro Shira Start- about 1 million years ago End- about 500,000 years ago Mawenzi Start- 500,000 years ago End- unknown Kibo Start- 460,000 years ago End- Currently “Dormant” (last major eruption 100,000 years ago)

At 5,895 meters, Kilimanjaro is the highest peak in Africa Summit Caldera Reusch Crater Google Earth -At the summit of Kibo is a large caldera which stretches 1.9km by 2.7 km. Within the caldera is a crater called Reusch Crater. -The tallest part of the volcano is Uhuru Peak, a ridge along the caldera

Evidence shows that magma is just 400 meters below the summit crater Kilimanjaro has not erupted in recorded history. Gas is still emitted from fumaroles in the summit crater. There are often landslides and avalanches as a result of volcanic activity. Evidence shows that magma is just 400 meters below the summit crater http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/10/07/article-2448600-184B079700000578-579_634x403.jpg

Kilimanjaro is comprised of many layers of lava, volcanic ash, and tephra Formed from explosive eruptions Andesites and basalts are common The three cones have varying rock compositions http://www.eatlaughtravel.com/2014/12/a-dream-tour-to-kilimanjaro.html http://www.sportingshooter.co.uk/features/ask-the-experts/sharp_truth_1_1793896

Fumarolic Activity Geothermal Energy http://epa.gov/climatestudents/solutions/technologies/geothermal.html http://www.oysteinlundandersen.com/Volcanoes/Papandayan/Papandayan-Volcano-Java-Indonesia-February-2013.html

First summit was completed in 1889 took 6 weeks 35,000 tourists now attempt the climb each year now takes on avg. 6-9 days $50 million in revenue each year http://www.africatravelresource.com/africa/tanzania/ne/kilimanjaro/guide/kilimanjaro-facts/ http://www.nationalgeographicexpeditions.com/expeditions/kilimanjaro-climb/detail

Bibliography Climb Kilimanjaro: Kilimanjaro Geology at http://www.climbkilimanjaro.org/kilimanjaro%20geology.htm (accessed 26 January, 2015) GEOTHERM, 2006. Geothermal Energy as an Alternative Source of Energy for Tanzania. Geotherm Programme. www.bgr.de/geotherm Mnjokava, Taramaeli, 2008: Geothermal Exploration in Tanzania--Status Report. United Nations University. p. 1-7. Houston Museum of Natural Science: Kilimanjaro Educator’s Guide at http://www.slsc.org/assets/pdfs/KilimanjaroEducatorGuide.pdf (accessed 20 January, 2015) National Geographic, Access 360 World Heritage: Kilimanjaro, at http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/articles/kilimanjaro-facts/ (accessed 25 January, 2015) Oregon State University, Volcano World: Kilimanjaro, at http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/kilimanjaro (accessed 23 January, 2015) Smithsonian Institution Global Volcanism Program, 2013: Kilimanjaro, at http://www.volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=222150 (accessed 23 January, 2015) The Titi Tudorancea Bulletin: Mount Kilimanjaro at http://www.tititudorancea.com/z/mount_kilimanjaro.htm (accessed 23 January, 2015) http://www.speleo.nl/sub/kilimanjaro/moreinfo.pdf Zimmermann, K. A., 2012: Livescience, Kilimanjaro: Facts About Africa’s Highest Peak at http://www.livescience.com/23421-kilimanjaro.html (accessed 25 January, 2015)