Immune System Function, Assessment, and Therapeutic Measures Chapter 18 Immune System Function, Assessment, and Therapeutic Measures

Immune System Lymphoid Organs Lymphocytes and White Blood Cells Chemicals Lymphatic System Lymphatic Vessels, Lymph Nodes, Spleen

Immune System (cont’d)

Antigens Chemical Markers That Identify Cells Human Cells Have “Self” Antigens Foreign Cell Antigens Will Not Match Recognized as Foreign and Destroyed

Lymphocytes Natural Killer Cells Thymus-derived Lymphocytes (T Cells) Bone Marrow-derived Lymphocytes (B cells)

Lymphocytes (cont’d) Natural Killer Cells Blood, Bone Marrow, Lymph Nodes, Spleen Destroy Pathogens and Tumor Cells

Lymphocytes (cont’d) T Cells and B Cells T Cells Each Cell Responds to One Foreign Antigen T Cells Lymph Nodes and Nodules, Spleen

Lymphocytes (cont’d) B Cells Plasma Cells Produce Antibodies to Specific Foreign Antigen Memory Cells

Antibodies Immunoglobulins (Ig) or Gamma Globulins Proteins Produced by Plasma Cells in Response to Foreign Antigens Specific for Only One Antigen Label Antigens for Destruction

Antibodies (cont’d) Five Classes of Human Antibodies IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

Antibodies (cont’d)

Two Mechanisms of Immunity Cell-mediated Immunity Humoral Immunity

Mechanisms of Immunity Cell-mediated Immunity Recognition of Foreign Antigen by Helper T Cells (CD4) Killer T Cells Lyse Cells (CD8) Memory T Cells Remember Specific Foreign Antigens Suppressor T Cells Limit Immune Response

Mechanisms of Immunity (cont’d) Humoral Immunity Antibody-mediated Immunity Recognition of Antigen as Foreign

Mechanisms of Immunity (cont’d) Humoral Immunity (cont’d) B Cells Proliferate and Differentiate Plasma Cells Producing Antibodies That Circulate Forming an Antigen-antibody Complex Memory B Cells Antibodies Label Antigen for Phagocytosis

Mechanisms of Immunity (cont’d) Antigen-antibody Complex Stimulates Complement Fixation Enzyme Complex Lyses Cells Labels Foreign Antigens for Phagocytosis

Antibody Responses First Exposure to Foreign Antigen Stimulates Antibody Production in Small Amounts Second Exposure to Antigen Causes Memory Cells to Make Large Amounts of Antibody Vaccines Based on This Principle

Antibody Responses (cont’d) Allergic Responses When Antibodies Respond to Foreign but Harmless Antigens

Antibody Responses (cont’d)

Types of Immunity Passive Immunity Antibodies Obtained Outside Person Temporary Naturally Acquired Placental Transmission of Antibodies Antibodies in Breast Milk

Types of Immunity (cont’d) Passive Immunity (cont’d) Artificially Acquired Injection of Preformed Antibodies

Types of Immunity (cont’d) Active Immunity Produces Own Antibodies Naturally Acquired Recover from Disease, Memory Cells Specific for That Pathogen

Types of Immunity (cont’d) Active Immunity (cont’d) Artificially Acquired Vaccine Stimulates Production of Antibodies and Memory Cells Some Confer Lifelong Immunity

Aging and the Immune System

Aging and the Immune System (cont’d) Thymus Gland Size Decreases Increased Production of Immature T Cells Decreased Antibody Response

Immune System Assessment History Demographic Data Health History Current Problem Physical Assessment

Diagnostic Tests Blood Tests Radiographic Tests Biopsies Skin Tests Gene Testing

Therapeutic Interventions Allergies Medic Alert Identification Ask if Allergies Anaphylaxis Kit Epinephrine (EpiPen) Antihistamine Tablets Tourniquet

Therapeutic Interventions (cont’d) Immunotherapy Desensitize Person with Anaphylactic Reactions or with Chronic Allergic Symptoms Inject Small Amounts of Extract of Allergen Until Hyposensitivity Reached Recognize Anaphylactic Reaction Can Occur

Therapeutic Interventions (cont’d) Medications Epinephrine Corticosteroids Antihistamines Histamine H2 Blockers Decongestants Mast-cell Stabilizing Drugs

Therapeutic Interventions (cont’d) Medications (cont’d) Antivirals/Antibiotics Immunosuppressants Interferon Leukotriene Antagonists Hormone Therapy

Therapeutic Interventions (cont’d) Surgical Management Splenectomy

Therapeutic Interventions (cont’d) Monoclonal Antibodies Recombinant DNA Technology