Mass Society and Democracy Chapter 13

S1.1 The second industrial revolution A. New Products Steel replaces iron which leads to better machines, tools, rails, and ships Electricity becomes cheaper, easier to produce, and to distribute. Electricity brings new products Factories begin to switch to electric power

S1.1.A  Thomas Edison: created the first incandescent light bulb and with the help of financiers, he started to build the electric infrastructure.  Alexander Graham Bell: invented the telephone in 1876.  Guglielmo Marconi: sent the first radio waves across the Atlantic Ocean in 1901

S1.1.A • Development of the internal combustion engine brings newer and bigger ships, the automobile, and airplanes

S1.1.B New Patterns • Industrial production has been steadily increasing partly through improved production methods, partly through increased consumerism (people buying things)

S1.1.B • Europeans could buy more goods because 1) wages for workers have increased after 1870 2) prices for manufactured goods becomes lower thanks to reduced production cost thanks to Henry Ford’s development of the assembly line in 1913. Cheaper manufactured goods leads to mass production

S1.1.B  Department stores in cities now carry consumer goods (things that are NOT necessities. (clocks, bicycles, typewriters all thanks to steel and electricity)

Economic Zones 1870s The Netherlands Great Britain Belgium Russia Germany Portugal France Austria-Hungary Spain Italy Ottoman Empire

S1.1.B • Two economic zones in Europe: the industrial and the agricultural.  Industrial zone = Great Britain, Belgium, France, Netherlands, Germany, the western part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the northern half of Italy. These areas have a higher standard of living and decent systems of transportation.

S1.1.B  Agricultural zone= Southern Italy, Spain, Portugal, most of Austria- Hungary, the Balkan Peninsula, Russia. These areas have a lower standard of living and partially formed transportation systems, but provide food and raw materials for the industrialized areas.

S1.1.C Towards a World Economy • The railroad, coupled with the increased production, steel and the internal combustion engine brought on a truly world economy. Europe got beef and wool from Argentina and Australia, coffee from Brazil, and sugar from Java.

S1.1.C • European capital was invested in foreign countries to improve infrastructure to ease transportation, develop electricity, and create banks. These foreign countries provided markets for Europe. Europe is dominating the world economy in the late 1800s.

S1.2 The working Class A. Goals for Reform • Reformers, people who wanted to change things, saw industrial capitalism as brutal and heartless- they blamed the poor working conditions and the crowded cities on industrial capitalism  Many reformers were trying to form groups to campaign for change in a peaceful way. These reformers used trade unions (or labor union) to achieve their practical goals

Examples of Unions: Trade Unions Miners Steel/Iron workers Textile factory workers Railroad workers

S1.2.A  Workers in a factory would organize into a union and if the employer recognized the union (acknowledged that the union represented the workers), then the union could begin to negotiate with the employer to improve working conditions or increase wages. This is called collective bargaining

S1.2.A  Unions, if their demands were not being met, could strike (everyone would stop working) in an effort to force the employer into meeting the demands  At first, striking was made illegal, but over time, (especially in Great Britain) workers won the right to strike in many countries

Reformers Want to change Every Factory To change conditions

S1.2.A • Radical reformers however, took a more drastic approach to achieve change. Radicals wanted to abolish (destroy) the capitalist system entirely and create a socialist system. To achieve this goal, socialist political parties were formed.  Socialist parties by 1870 largely based their ideas on Karl Marx; Marxist socialism became known as communism.

S1.2.B Marx’s Theory • The Communist Manifesto, written by Marx and Friedrich Engles, was published in 1848 and detailed the terrible working conditions of industrial workers of Europe. They blamed the conditions on industrial capitalism

Reformers Radicals To destroy capitalism The Government Want to change (which would change conditions) Reformers The Government Want to change Every Factory Radicals To change conditions

S1.2.B  Marx believed that the history of the world is essentially the same story, that of the oppressors and the oppressed. The oppressors always possessed the means of production (be it farm land or factories), the money, and the raw materials. This gives the oppressors the power over government and society. The oppressed, who did not own anything, always depended on the oppressor.

S1.2.B  In the industrial society, Marx saw the gap between the oppressor and the oppressed getting larger, and the groups getting more hostile. In the industrial society the oppressors were the (middle class) Bourgeoisie and the oppressed were the (working class) Proletariat.

S1.2.B  Marx believed that the struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat would eventually lead to violent revolution and that the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie. Then, the proletariat would place a person in charge, a dictatorship, for a short time to reorganize the means of production. This would get rid of all economic and social classes, which would get rid of the dictatorship. Overall, the classless, equal society would not need a large government.

Have: Nothing, they depend on the oppressors for everything Marx OPPRESSORS Have: Wealth, political/social power, means of production, and raw materials OPPRESSED Have: Nothing, they depend on the oppressors for everything

Have: Nothing, they depend on the oppressors for everything Marx Bourgeoisie Have: Wealth, political/social power, means of production, and raw materials Proletariat Have: Nothing, they depend on the oppressors for everything

Marx Bourgeoisie Proletariat Violent revolution

Marx Dictator Who organizes the means of production in a way that benefits all, which creates a classless society. No economic classes Puts dictator in power

ALL SOCIETY OWNING THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION Marx ALL SOCIETY OWNING THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION No need for government

S1.2.C Socialist Parties • Socialist parties, based on Marx’s ideas sprang up all over Europe. • In Germany the Social Democratic Party (SPD) advocated revolution and gained enough popularity gain seats in Parliament. Once in Parliament, the SPD advocated for laws to improve conditions for the working class.

S1.2.C • Socialist parties throughout Europe organized themselves into international communities that would attempt to fight capitalism worldwide. In 1889 this was called the Second International. (The First International had failed to organize in 1872).

S1.2.C • Marxist parties were split however: Pure Marxists thought that capitalism could ONLY be taken down through violent revolution.

S1.2.C • Other Marxists, revisionists, argued that capitalism could be defeated by mass organization of political parties, and even working with other political parties to change society. As workers received the right to vote, revisionists thought they could change society through democracy.

Change in Working Class Conditions Peaceful Reformers Radical Reformers Uses trade unions Seeks to change Government Changes conditions in each factory, one at a time Pure Marxists Revisionist Marxists

Individual owns means of production Capitalism Communism Individual owns means of production Favored by middle class Focuses on individual success and making money Can produce terrible conditions for the working class Everyone owns means of production Favored by working class Focuses on the success of the community and everyone getting what they need Can produce violent revolution against the middle class

Ch 13 S2 The Emergence of Mass Society

Improvements in public health -Cities are growing rapidly because of improvements to sanitation. -Urban reformers pushed for change in disgusting cities. -Caused deadly diseases like cholera. 657,890 deaths in Europe, the Americas and Japan alone!

Improvements in public health -Reformers improved buildings; now you HAD to have running water and in-door plumbing. -Clean water and waste removal ARE SOOOOOOOO IMPORTANT TO BEING HEALTHY -Also, gas and electric heaters now made hot baths possible.

N E W J O B L S A T I E 1 The 8 00s Upper Class Upper Class Ch 13 S2.2 Upper Class Upper Class L A T E 1 8 00s Aristocracy, Kings, high government officials Aristocracy, Kings, high gov. officials, super rich bankers and merchants, industrialists Middle Class Middle Class Upper Middle Class Merchants, bankers, factory owners Merchants, bankers, factory owners, low-skilled office workers Lower Middle Class Working/Lower Class Working/Lower Class Poor farmers, factory workers Poor farmers, factory workers

New industries and growing industries create a more diverse society Social Structure New industries and growing industries create a more diverse society The upper-middle class contains the typical industry people; wealthy The lower-middle class is made up of newer low-skilled office workers The lower-middle class tends to be stable and have some disposable income to spend on consumer goods

The Marriage Ideal -Marriage was, and had been, the main goal for most women during the second industrial revolution -BUT the number of children on average started to decrease (less children were dying young due to improved sanitation)

The Marriage Ideal Feminism was a set of ideas that campaigned for equal rights for women, and early successes were found in women gaining equal property rights Several women made advances in obtaining rights through their work as nurses and teachers during the 1850s and 1860s By the late 1850s many women were campaigning for equal political rights, suffrage; this would make them full citizens

Ch 13 S3 The National State and Democracy

What’s going on in…? -Great Britain? -both parties seeking to represent the working class -France? -Trying a republic again -Italy? -Growing gap between industrialized north and poor south

What’s going on in…? -Germany? -William II, Kaiser from 1888-1918, focuses on expanding Germany’s influence in the rest of Europe -Austro-Hungarian Empire? -Austria’s parliament does not work and the Emperor, Francis Joseph ignores them -Hungary’s parliament works great

What’s going on in…? -Russia? -Czar Nicholas II comes to power in 1894 -becoming more industrialized; bad working conditions -socialist parties form and gain popularity

“Bloody Sunday” Incident, 1905 What’s going on in…? -protestors rally at the palace of the Czar demanding more liberties peacefully -soldiers shoot into the crowd -Czar does make some concessions, like the Duma (legislative body) “Bloody Sunday” Incident, 1905 96 dead, 333 wounded officially; protestors record 4,000 dead.

What’s going on in…? -United States? -African Americans were granted rights but Southern states made laws to limit those rights -The US was the richest country in the world; workers still not treated well -US gained island territories; US businessmen forced the annexation of Hawaii

THE US WAS NOW AN EMPIRE

International Rivalries A. A New Direction for Germany -German unification upset the balance of power. -Feared that France would organize an anti-German alliance -Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy -Maintained friendship with Russia and Great Britain

International rivalries: Germany -Kaiser William II fired Bismarck in 1890 and took over foreign policy -Dropped the treaty with Russia; also, he made Great Britain angry with Germany -France, Great Britain, and Russia formed an alliance called the Triple Entente

Crisis in the Balkans -Ottoman Empire is weakening -Austria-Hungary and Russia see this as an opportunity to gain influence there -1878 Greece, Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro become independent -Bosnia and Herzegovina are placed under protection of Austria-Hungary

Crisis in the Balkans -In 1908 Austria-Hungary annex Bosnia and Herzegovina; this is called the Bosnian Crisis -This angered the Serbs; Russia supported the Serbs and opposed annexation -William II, in Germany, demanded that Russia accept annexation -Russia agreed, but vowed to never back down to the Triple Alliance again

Finally… -Each country pledged greater support to their alliance in the next conflict -People viewed the Balkans as “powder keg” or a bomb just waiting to explode.