National Growth in Early 20th Century Vast post-war changes: territorial expansion, westward movement, new immigration, growth of cities, and complete economic transformation

Westward Movement After the Civil War – Era of the Cowboy. Homestead Act of 1862 – Free public land for those who would settle and farm the land. Many southerners and African Americans moved west to rebuild their lives.

Westward Movement Forcible removal of Indians - moved further and further west. New technologies like railroads and reaper opened new lands on the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Farming now profitable. Farms, ranches and towns grew.

Immigration Prior to 1871 = from northern and western Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden) From 1871-1921 = from southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, Hungary and Yugoslavia) and Asia (China and Japan) Ellis Island and Statue of Liberty Freedom. . . Opportunity. . . Better lives

Immigration Chinese – Worked on the railroad. Other groups – Worked in textile and steel mills in the NE and clothing industry in NY City. Worked for low pay in dangerous conditions. Textile Mill Coal Mine Steel Mill

Immigration Immigrants began to assimilate into the American “melting pot.” Settled in ethnic neighborhoods Public schools had an essential role in the assimilation process.

Immigration Immigrants faced hardship and hostility. Fear and resentment over immigrants taking away jobs for lower pay. Prejudice based on religious and cultural differences.

Immigration Congress limits immigration through the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and Immigration Restriction Act of 1921.

Growth of Cities Industrialization leads to Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh and New York growing rapidly as manufacturing and transportation centers. Cities provided jobs, but workers’ families often lived in harsh conditions crowded into tenements and slums. Manufacturing & Transportation

Growth of Cities-- Caused housing shortages and need for public services like sewage, water systems and public transportation. Sewer Systems New York began the first subway system and many cities built streetcar or trolley lines. Public Transportation

Admission of New States As people moved West, many new states in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains were added. By the early 20th century, all the states from the Atlantic to Pacific of the continental U.S. had been admitted.

Modern Industrial Growth In the late 19th and early 20th centuries economic opportunity, industrialization, technological change and immigration fueled American growth and expansion.

Modern Industrial Growth From the Civil War to WW I, Civil War WW I the U.S. underwent an economic transformation that involved industrialization, expanding big business and large-scale agriculture and the rise of national labor unions and industrial conflict.

Modern Industrial Growth Technological change, inventions and innovations, and industrial leaders, spurred the growth of industry primarily in northern cities. The wealthiest and most powerful leaders were John D. Rockefeller (oil), Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads), Andrew Carnegie (steel), and J.P. Morgan (finance). Rockefeller, Vanderbilt . . . .Carnegie, and Morgan

Modern Industrial Economy Bessemer’s Steel Process Ford’s Assembly Line Bell's Telephone Corporations & limited liability Wright Brothers’ Airplane Inventions! Edison’s Light bulb and power grid

Modern Industrial Growth Reasons for the economic transformation include: Laissez-faire economics—no government interference Plentiful Natural ….Resources Increasing labor supply from immigration and migration from farms

Discrimination & Segregation Discrimination and segregation against African Americans intensified and took new forms. Freedom limited Separation of races in public places Intimidation, crimes and lynchings

Discrimination and Segregation In Plessy v. Ferguson the Supreme Court ruled the “separate but equal” did not violate the 14th Amendment. This meant “Jim Crow” laws were upheld.

Discrimination and Segregation African American Response During the early 20th century, African Americans began the “Great Migration” to northern cities in search of jobs and to escape poverty and discrimination in the South.

Discrimination and Segregation African American Response African Americans disagreed about how to respond to the developments. Ida B. Wells led an anti-lynching crusade and called on the federal government to take action. Booker T. Washington believed the way to equality was through vocational education and economic success. He accepted social separation. W.E.B. DuBois felt education was meaningless without political equality. He helped form the NAACP, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Progressive Movement Reconstruction through the early 20th century was a time of contradictions. --Agricultural expansion came through wars against the Plains Indians and led to new federal Indian policies --Industrial development brought great fortunes to a few and raised the standard of living for millions BUT also brought about clashes between industry and labor Social problems in rural and urban settings gave rise to third-party movements and the Progressive Movement.

Progressive Movement Responding to excesses of the Gilded Age, the Progressive Movement used government to reform problems created by industrialization. Examples Teddy Roosevelt’s “Square Deal, Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom”

Progressive Movement--Causes The income disparity between the lavish lifestyle of the wealthy few in the Age of the Robber Barons with the harsh living conditions of the factory workers and immigrants led to calls for reform. #1 or #2

Progressive Movement--Causes Working conditions for labor --dangerous working conditions --child labor --long hours, low wages, no job security, no benefits Children in coal mine --company towns –employment of women Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Progressive Movement--Goals --Elimination of social injustices --government controlled by the people --guaranteed economic opportunity through government regulation Watchful government Helping hands to balance society People active in government

Progressive Accomplishments In Local Government New forms to meet needs of growing cities (city council, managers, commissions) In State Government --referendum: citizens vote on proposed laws --initiative: voters force consideration of a bill --recall: voters can remove a corrupt official from office

Progressive Accomplishments In Elections: --Primary elections --Direct election of Senators --Secret Ballot 17th Amendment Primary Election Secret Ballot --no pressure !

Progressive Accomplishments In Child Labor Muckraking literature described abuses of child labor Child Labor Laws resulted Before After

Labor Unions Attempts were made to organize national labor unions to improve working conditions. In 1869, the Knights of Labor formed open to all workers. In 1886, Samuel Gompers formed the American Federation of Labor seeking practical economic goals for skilled workers. The International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union formed in 1900 to benefit its mostly women members.

Labor Unions—Early Strikes Labor strikes caused public distrust of these early union attempts. The 1886 Haymarket Square Riot violence where a bomb killed 7 policemen “killed” the Knights of Labor. When the Carnegie Steel plant near Pittsburgh cut wages in 1892, the Homestead Strike occurred. The 1898 Pullman Strike in the railroad car building company ended with a court injunction.

Labor Union--Gains Limited work hours Regulated work conditions

Sherman Anti-Trust Act Clayton Anti-Trust Act Antitrust Laws Sherman Anti-Trust Act The Sherman Anti-Trust Act prohibits any business structure that “restrains trade” (monopolies) Clayton Anti-Trust Act The Clayton Anti-Trust Act expands the Sherman Act by outlawing price-fixing and exempting unions from prosecution under the Sherman Act.

Women’s Suffrage The movement to grant women the right to vote (suffrage) was a forerunner of the modern protest movements. It benefited from the strong leadership of Susan B. Anthony. Women were encouraged to enter the labor force during World War I With the 19th Amendment in 1920, women gained suffrage (the right to vote).