Chapter 16: The Age of Exploration (1400-1650) Section 1: Great Voyages of Discovery

Section 1: Great Voyages of Discovery Quick Write: What’s the BIG Whoop?!? Consider the dangers and risk that are associated with the voyages that people have ventured on in human history. Whether it has been the high seas, the depths of the ocean, the last frontier, or the vastness of space, what do you think is the motivation(s) that drive these explorers? Explorers

Section 1: Great Voyages of Discovery Desire and Opportunity to Explore Reasons to Explore Trade – spices (like pepper), precious metals and other goods Religion – Christians missionaries wanted to convert more people to Christianity Curiosity and Fame – Marco Polo’s legend and tales of adventure

Section 1: Great Voyages of Discovery Advances in Technology The Astrolabe - an instrument formerly used to make astronomical measurements, and in navigation for calculating latitude More accurate maps Improved ship building – primarily by the Portuguese The Caravel

Section 1: Great Voyages of Discovery Portuguese and Spanish Exploration The Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator – not a navigator, but built an observatory and navigation school for sailors Bartolomeu Dias – succeeded in sailing around the horn of Africa but had to turn back Vasco de Gama – sailed around Africa and landed on the west coast of India Pedro Cabral – mistakenly landed on the South American continent, now Brazil, when trying to get around Africa.

Section 1: Great Voyages of Discovery The Spanish Christopher Columbus – Italian navigator in search for a new route to Asia promising Spanish Crown land, riches, and converts. He instead landed in Caribbean Islands, mistakenly believing he reached India. Ferdinand Magellan - Portuguese explorer led an adventurous expedition around South America. Succeeding, Magellan continued through the Pacific, and his voyage eventually made it back to Spain. Magellan was killed before his voyage circumnavigated the globe. He was killed by natives in the Philippines.

Section 1: Great Voyages of Discovery English and French in America Exploring New Lands John Cabot – Italian sailing for England thought he reached Asia but landed in Canada Jacques Cartier – French explorer also landed in Canada Competing for Land and Wealth As the Spanish controlled the flow of gold and silver of the Americas, English sent Francis Drake to intercept them and steal the precious cargo He would become known as a pirate Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Chapter 16: The Age of Exploration (1400-1650) Section 2: The Columbian Exchange

Section 2: The Columbian Exchange Trading Places Plants and Animals Columbian Exchange – exchange of plants, animals, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) and the Old World (Europe). Impacted people and cultures around the globe

Section 2: The Columbian Exchange Old World Plants and Animals New World Plants and Animals Bananas and sugarcane Oranges, onions, and lettuce Cows, goats, sheep, pigs, horses, and chickens Measles, smallpox, germs, and diseases Tomatoes, potatoes, beans, squash, avocados, pineapples, tobacco, and chili peppers Peanuts, maize, and sweet potatoes Turkeys

Section 2: The Columbian Exchange

Section 2: The Columbian Exchange Culture and Technology Religion and Language Christian missionaries seeking converts Europeans taught their languages to natives Built and ran schools Technology Guns, Steel, and wheel uses Beasts of Burden Industry Mining Textiles Plantations

Section 2: The Columbian Exchange Society and the Economy Treatment of American Indians Plantation, mining brought poor treatment to natives Forced labor, harsh treatment, disease killed many Reduced by eighty percent Bartolome de las Casas Convert Native Americans to Christianity through kindness Spanish Crown created laws, but they were rarely recognized

Section 2: The Columbian Exchange Slavery and Society Deadly impact on Native Americans led to the use of African slaves for labor Social hierarchy Europeans Mestizo Natives and Africans Racism – the belief that some people are better than other because of racial traits

Chapter 16: The Age of Exploration (1400-1650) Section 3: Origins of Capitalism

Section 3: Origins of Capitalism A New Economy Mercantilism – a system in which a government controls all economic activity in a country and its colonies to make the government stronger and richer Gold/Silver Standard Nationalism

Section 3: Origins of Capitalism EXPORTS versus Imports Balance of trade – relationship of goods imported to the goods exported Colonial usage and purposes Colonies > Raw materials, Europe > manufactured goods Cottage industries – system in which families work in their homes to make a part of a product

Section 3: Origins of Capitalism New Trading Patterns Triangle Trade Power Shifts in Europe Northern European Trade Routes Use of atlases, or collection of maps Encouraged traders to find new routes around the world India, Asia, and the Americas English and the Dutch gained control over much of the international trade

Section 3: Origins of Capitalism

Section 3: Origins of Capitalism Banking Netherlands and Britain Jewish influence Market Economies Supply and Demand TAKE MY MONEY!!! Capitalism – economic system in which individuals and private businesses run most industries Market economy – individuals decide what goods and services they will buy