AP US History Exam Review

Period 1: 1491- 1607

Pre-Columbian Settlements Key Concept: Before the arrival of Europeans, native populations in North America developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based in part on interactions with the environment and each other

Native American Settlements can be divided into FOUR major groups: 1. American Southwest: Developed complex urban settlements characterized by large stone and Adobe like structures Highly organized systems of agriculture with well- engineered irrigation systems

The American Northwest (and California) Developed sophisticated methods for hunting, fishing, and foraging. Because of their fixed settlements, Native Americans in this region rarely experienced conflict or competition

The Great Basin and the Great Plains Climate posed significant challenges that permanent settlement was impossible Hunted Buffalo and built teepees

American Northeast and Atlantic Seaboard Utilized multi-crop patterns of cultivation (maize, beans, and squash) to provide more stable villages. Connections amongst tribes formed confederacies Self-governing bodie resulted in efficient use of the resources of their territory

The Columbian Exchange Key Concept: European overseas expansion resulted in the COlumbian Exchange, a series of interactions and adaptations among societies across the Atlantic

The Columbian Exchange Columbus initiated a trade system that would revolutionize the world. New World crops like potatoes and corn became staples in European diets Sugar and coffee brought to the New World from Europe and strived Horses and cattle altered life for Native Americans Most dramatic was disease. 90% of Native population killed by epidemics of yellow fever and smallpox

Expansion into the New World Spain and Portugal had a head start Treaty of Tordesillas- All of the Western Hemisphere except Brazil was assigned to Spain. Portugal allowed to colonize Asia

Expansion into the New World Spain acquired gold and silver Europe shifts from Feudalism to Capitalism Catholic missionaries went to the New World Eventually other European countries entered the race for more territory

Native and European Interaction Key Concept: Contacts among American Indians, Africans, and Europeans challenged the world views of each group

Spain and Native Americans Exploits of Francisco Coronado, Francisco Pizzaro, and Hernan Cortes. Developed encomienda system: Granted colonists the rights to labor of Native Americans in exchange for providing their food, shelter, and Christianizing them. Disease spread Intermarriage occurred

African Slavery Scale of importation drarfed any prior model of slavery Institution of slavery that developed-- permanency and basis in race, not conquest-- created tensions that would last centuries

AP Test Tip Information during this era can be used in a free- response question that deals with the causes of imperialism, inter-imperialist competition, and the clash of cultures

Themes College Board has identified SEVEN themes that guide us through history. Every question will measure your understanding of one of these themes Identity (ID) Work, Exchange, and Technology (WXT) Peopling (PEO) Politics and Power (POL) America in the World (WOR) ENvironment and Geography- Physical and Human (ENV) Ideas, Beliefs, and Cultures (CUL)

Work, Exchange, and Technology Explain how patterns of exchanging commodities, peoples, diseases, and ideas around the Atlantic World developed after European contact and shaped North-American colonial-era societies

Peopling Explain how and why people moved within the Americas (before contact) and to and within the Americas (after contact and colonization)

Peopling Analyze the effects that migration, disease, and warfare had on the American Indian population after contact with Europeans

America in the World Explain how imperial competitions and the exchange of commodities on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean influenced the origins and patters of development of North American societies in the colonial period

Environment and Geography-Physical and Human Explain how the introduction of new plants, animals, and technologies altered the natural environment of North America and affected interactions among various groups in the colonial period

Ideas, Beliefs, and Culture Compare the cultural values and attitudes of different European, African American, and Native peoples in the colonial period and explain how contact affected interactions among various groups in the colonial period