Focus Lesson: Complete this REVIEW Complete the final portion of this focus lesson. Have to complete definitions or examples? DO IT NOW!

What are we learning? Vocabulary Reference Sheet Last Class Today Notes: Classification Page 41 Name that Kingdom! Page 40 FIX YOUR NOTEBOOK If we can finish early, if you are on task, and if there are no behavior issues you can use this time to catch up on your notebook or flashcards. Notes: Hominid Evolution Pg 37 Practice: Darwin Explanation Page 38 Skull Trends Page 39 Vocabulary Reference Sheet UNIT 4 REVIEW Corrections DUE March 11th

What do we need to know for the EOC? Only 23 Classes away! SWBAT describe the system used to classify life on earth. - Cell Structure - Mode of Nutrition - Cell Type

Page 41: Kingdoms and Domains How would you classify this organism?

The Three-Domain System The tree of life is divided into 3 domains and within the domains are 6 kingdoms. Domain Bacteria – corresponds to the Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Archaea – corresponds to the Kingdom Archaebacteria Domain Eukarya – composed of the Kingdoms Plantae, Animalia, Fungi and Protista

Domain Archaea Members of the domain Archaea are unicellular prokaryotes. They live in extreme environments Their cell walls lack peptidoglycan.

Domain Bacteria Members of the Domain Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes. Their cells have thick, rigid cell walls that surround a cell & contains peptidoglycan. one of largest groups on Earth classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused

Bacteria and Archaea can be difficult to classify. Transfer genes among themselves outside of reproduction blurs the line between “species” more research needed to understand prokaryotes bridge to transfer DNA

Domain Eukarya The domain Eukarya consists of organisms that have a nucleus. (Eukaryotes) This domain is organized into four kingdoms: Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Domain/Kingdoms Within the 3 domains there are 6 kingdoms.

The 6 Kingdoms Prokaryotes (unicellular) Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Eukaryotes (Most are Multicellular)

The Big Picture

Kingdom Archaebacteria “Ancient bacteria”- Live in very harsh environments Extremophiles Unicellular Prokaryotes Autotroph or Heterotroph Cell Walls without peptidoglycan

Archaea

Kingdom Eubacteria It is the eubacteria that most people are talking about when they say bacteria, because they live in more neutral conditions.

Eubacteria

Kingdom Protista Protists include many widely ranging microbes, including slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae. There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists (Some are photosynthetic) Some protists can cause diseases in humans, such as malaria and dysentery

Kingdom Fungi The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms. By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems They are multicellular filaments that absorb nutrients. Some are multicellular and some are unicellular like yeast.

Kingdom Plantae All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall. they are autotrophs (Make own food through photosynthesis)

Kingdom Animalia All animals are: Multicellular: cells lacking a cell wall -Heterotrophs Capable of movement at some point in their lives.

Eukarya

It’s time to play… Name That Kingdom!

Top Half of Page 40: Name that Kingdom Your group is going to get an envelope which contains an unknown organism. Paste your organism into your notebook. Use your graphic organizer, and the clues given to identify the organism’s Domain and Kingdom. Explain your reasoning.

Which Domain and Kingdom does this fit in? Stats: heterotroph single-celled

Which Domain and Kingdom does this fit in? Stats: heterotroph multi-celled

Which Domain and Kingdom does this fit in? Stats: Autotroph Multi Celled

Which Domain and Kingdom does this fit in? Stats: Heterotroph Multi Celled

Which Domain and Kingdom does this fit in? Stats: Single Celled Unusual Cell Wall Lives in Extreme Environments Some hot springs bacteria can tolerate temperatures up to 88°C (190°F) and acidities as low as pH 0.9. One species, Thermoplasma, may be related to the ancestor of the nucleus and cytoplasm of the more advanced eukaryote cells.

Independent Practice: Page 40 Bonus Round If you come across an unusual single-celled organism, what parts of the cell would you study in order to classify it into one of the 3 domains? Explain why it is difficult to classify some bacteria and Archaea from each other. Why is the classification of life considered a work in progress?

Page 42: Classifying with Cladograms

Classification: The evolutionary relationship between organisms

Cladograms Scientist use cladograms to show these relationships with a diagram. A cladogram is an evolutionary tree that proposes how species may be related through common ancestors. As organisms change and adapt new characteristics over time new branches are added to the tree.

How can we tell if species are related even if they appear different? Classifications are determined by many pieces of evidence: Living species traits and behaviors The fossil record Molecular data DNA sequence similarities

The closer organisms = more related. The further away organisms = less related.

According to this phylogenic tree, which organism is most closely related to humans? Answer: Mouse

Derived Characters Cladograms are organized by traits. Derived characters are traits that are shared by some species but not by others. Let’s try using transportation as an example. Transportation “Species”: Bicycle, car, motorcycle, airplane, on foot.

Let’s try making our own! Derived Character Lamprey Shark Sword- fish Frog Alligator Gull Vertebrae X Jaws Bones Four Limbs Amniotic Egg Feathers

Your Turn! Create a Cladogram to illustrate these characteristics on Page 42 Derived Character Fish Salamander Lizard Mouse Ape Human Backbone X Lungs Claws/nails Hair Opposable thumbs Fully bipedal Predict: Which organism has the fewest nucleotide sequence similarities to humans? EXPLAIN. (What is a nucleotide?)

Home Learning: Page 43 Complete the handout as home learning to prepare for your test on Evolution. WARNING! There may be questions on Genetics on this test as well. Study your entire Quarter 3 Notebook. NO EXCUSES JUST AWESOMENESS. #YOLO