Using your textbook write an identification for the following (make sure to include what it is, how it work, where it is was, and what effects it had on Native people – if any): Indentured Servitude Spanish adaptation of the Inca mit’a system Encomendia system

Same thing – Create an IDENTIFICATION new types of racial and ethnic classifications in the New World Creole Mestizo Mulatto 

Africa in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade Thanks to: Mr. Millhouse Hebron High School

Volume of the Slave Trade 15th century minimal – to Atlantic island plantations (off the coast of Africa) 16th century – small numbers to New World 17th c. increase to 16,000 per year 18th c. most of trade, 7 million slaves, 80% of all trade over all years 19th c. slows down, under attack, still exports to Cuba & Brazil (1.7 million)

African Slave Trade

African Slavery Slavery was common in African society Where? The Kongo, Ghana, Benin, etc. All land was owned by the state Owning slaves was a way to gain wealth Slaves were used for servants, concubines, and field workers Arrival of Europeans provided new opportunities for expansion of slavery

Slavery & African Politics Competition between rival kingdoms led to endless wars Kingdoms trade slaves for guns Wars led to political centralization Slave trade shifts balance of power From Sudanic Africa to the Gold Coast, the Kongo, and Angola

The Asanti: A Sample Kingdom Asanti is on the Gold Coast Modern day Ghana Began as twenty small states Matrilineal clan lineage Most prominent clan was the Okoyo Access to firearms allowed the Okoyo to centralize their authority after 1650 CE

The Kongo Centralized kingdom Converted to Christianity Attempted to abolish the slave trade (fail) Portugal monopolized trade with the Kongo Cowries, slaves, Asian luxuries Loango, capital city of the Kongo

Cape Colony Dutch East India Co. establish a colony at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652 Provision ships headed to Asia Large fertile lands were great for farming Used slave labor Slaves brought from Indonesia and other parts of Asia Eventually enslave the natives Dutch settlers, called Boers, move to Cape Colony in search of land 17, 000 settlers, 26,ooo slaves, and 14,ooo natives by 1800

East Africa & the Arrival of Europe Swahili city-states continued traditional commerce in the Indian Ocean Portuguese settlers on the coast used slave soldiers to expand their territories Established plantations growing Asian spices using African slaves Some African states copied European plantation system Zanzibar had 100,000 slaves by 1860

Fall of Songhai brought period of violent Islamization Sudanic Africa Fall of Songhai brought period of violent Islamization Islamic elites vs. animistic natives Violence helped supply slaves to coastal regions

So what does this all mean? Slavery results in a TON of demographic changes for Africa! Huge loss of population Particularly the young (15-40) Some of the new world crops such as corn and cassava root helped to offset some of these population problems. The Columbian Exchange