Kinetic Theory of Matter UEQ: How is particle movement related to a substance's state of matter? Kinetic Theory of Matter

UEQ: How is particle movement related to a substance's state of matter? Day 1 Kinetic Theory

What is an atom? An atom is the smallest particle of an element. What is the relationship between atoms and the kinetic theory of matter? What is an atom? An atom is the smallest particle of an element. Ex: atom of oxygen

What is the relationship between atoms and the kinetic theory of matter?

Compound = 2 or more types of atoms What is the relationship between atoms and the kinetic theory of matter? Compound = 2 or more types of atoms Water is made of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. We write is as H2O. This compound is called a molecule.

The kinetic theory explains how particles in matter behave. What is the relationship between atoms and the kinetic theory of matter? Kinetic Theory The kinetic theory explains how particles in matter behave. What are the four states of matter?

What is the relationship between atoms and the kinetic theory of matter? 1. All matter is composed of small particles (atoms, molecules or ions).

Kinetic Theory 2. These particles are in constant random motion. What is the relationship between atoms and the kinetic theory of matter? Kinetic Theory 2. These particles are in constant random motion.

What is the relationship between atoms and the kinetic theory of matter? 3. These particles are colliding with each other and the walls of the container.

UEQ: How is particle movement related to a substance's state of matter? Day 2 Temperature

Determining the States of Matter How does temperature effect the movement of particles? Determining the States of Matter What state of matter are you in? Penn State The amount of particle motion determines the amount of kinetic energy or temperature. As temperature increases in a volcano, particles move more and eventually come out as an eruption. The amount of kinetic energy or temperature determines the state of matter. Different substances exist at different states for the same amount of kinetic energy or temperature. Average Kinetic Energy = Temperature The most common state of matter is ________. plasma

How does temperature effect the movement of particles? In science temperature means: The average kinetic (moving) energy of particles in a substance, or how fast the particles are moving.

How does temperature effect the movement of particles? Kinetic Theory What is thermal energy? Total energy of a material’s particles, including Kinetic and Potential energy (KE=vibration and movement PE=energy from forces holding atoms together)

How does temperature effect the movement of particles? What happens to particle movement when the temperature is lowered? Particles have less thermal energy (heat) and vibrate more slowly.

How does temperature effect the movement of particles? Thermal Expansion When concrete absorbs heat, it expands. Then when it cools, it contracts. Particles move faster and separate as the temperature rises. When the temperature of an object is lowered, particles slow down. A common examples of expansion in liquids occurs in thermometers. Hot-air balloons are able to rise due to thermal expansion of air.

UEQ: How is particle movement related to a substance's state of matter? Day 3 States of Matter

What is the difference in particle movement for the four different states of matter? Solid Liquid Gas Draw what you think is happening to the molecules of water in each of the containers?

What is the difference in particle movement for the four different states of matter? Solids Atoms in solids are held tightly in place by the attraction between the particles. This attraction between particles gives solids a definite shape and volume. However, the thermal energy in the particles cause them to vibrate in place.

What is the difference in particle movement for the four different states of matter?

What is the difference in particle movement for the four different states of matter? Liquids Particles in a liquid have more kinetic energy than particles in a solid which allows the particles to partially overcome the attractions to other particles and slide past each other. We call this sliding _______. They do not completely overcome attractive forces so liquids have definite volume with no definite shape. flow

What is the difference in particle movement for the four different states of matter? Gases Gas particles have enough energy to overcome the attractions between them. Gases do not have a fixed volume or a fixed shape.

What is the difference in particle movement for the four different states of matter? Plasma State Scientists estimate that much of the matter in the universe is plasma because most of the universe is _____. Plasma is basically atoms with the nucleus sparated from the electrons. stars

What is the 5th State of Matter What is the difference in particle movement for the four different states of matter? What is the 5th State of Matter This is a theoretical state…the state in which atoms stop moving. This occurs at ________ _______ which is negative ______ degrees Celsius. Absolute zero ???

UEQ: How is particle movement related to a substance's state of matter? Day 4 Changes in State

How can you explain particle behavior at the melting and boiling points?

Boiling Point What is vaporization? How can you explain particle behavior at the melting and boiling points? Boiling Point LIQUID TO A GAS!! What is vaporization? *In liquids, some particles have more Kinetic (moving) energy and move faster. *They escape the attractive forces and become a gas. Two types of vaporization: *Evaporation - at the surface of the liquid *Boiling - all throughout the liquid

Boiling Point External Pressure: How can you explain particle behavior at the melting and boiling points? Boiling Point External Pressure: A force pushing down upon a liquid, keeping particles from escaping. Heat of Vaporization--> the amount of energy required for the liquid to change Boiling Point--> the temperature at which it changes

How can you explain particle behavior at the melting and boiling points?

Melting Point SOLID to a LIQUID! How can you explain particle behavior at the melting and boiling points? Melting Point SOLID to a LIQUID! Melting Point--> the time when particles gain enough kinetic energy to slip out of place and melt Heat of Fusion-->the amount of energy needed to switch from solid to liquid

How can you explain particle behavior at the melting and boiling points?

UEQ: How is particle movement related to a substance's state of matter? Day 5 Buoyancy

How does a ship floating illustrate buoyancy? - the ability of a fluid (a liquid or a gas) to exert an upward force on an object immersed in that fluid.

How does a ship floating illustrate buoyancy? If the buoyant force is equal to the object’s weight, the object will float. If the buoyant force is less than the object’s weight, the object will sink.

Can iron float in mercury? How does a ship floating illustrate buoyancy? Can iron float in mercury?

How does a ship floating illustrate buoyancy? Archimedes Principle An object in a fluid experiences an upward force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

How does a ship floating illustrate buoyancy? Density A solid steel block sinks, a ship floats. WHY??? DENSITY = mass per unit volume A ship has _____volume and ____density.

Bernoulli’s Principle EQ? Bernoulli’s Principle As the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases. Ex: airplane wings, shower curtain

Bernoulli’s Principle (from the air’s point of view) EQ? Bernoulli’s Principle (from the air’s point of view) X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Which air particles move further apart? Which air particles have a greater velocity? Which side is able to apply more pressure? In which direction will the wing move?

How does a ship floating illustrate buoyancy? Fluid Flow Viscosity = Resistance to flow Particles that are flowing pull the stationary particles. If they are good at pulling, the fluid has a low viscosity (water and rubbing alcohol) If they are NOT good at pulling, the fluid has high viscosity (syrup, molasses)

UEQ: How is particle movement related to a substance's state of matter? Day 6 Pressure

How does a gas exert pressure on its container? What is Pressure? The amount of force exerted per unit area. P=F/A The collision of gas particles in the air results in pressure. Ex: Balloons - collision of air particles with the walls of balloon result in inflation Measured in pascals (Pa), usually written in kilopascals (kPa).

How does a gas exert pressure on its container? Boyle’s Law If you decrease the volume of a container and hold the temperature constant the pressure of the gas will increase. P1V1=P2V2

Pressure-Temperature Relationship How does a gas exert pressure on its container? Pressure-Temperature Relationship At constant volume, an increase in temperature will result in an increase in pressure. EXPLOSION!!

How does a gas exert pressure on its container? Charles’s Law If you increase the temperature, the volume of a gas will also increase. Ex: think of our expanding balloon. V1/T1 = V2/T2 Heated

How does a gas exert pressure on its container? Diffusion Diffusion occurs in solids and liquids but occurs most rapidly in gases. Write down an example of diffusion: Vanilla in balloon demonstration