Essential Questions: What key changes in Europe took place in the 15th & 16th centuries that allowed for overseas colonization? How did European exploration in America impact native peoples? What are the similarities & differences among the Spanish, French, & British patterns of colonization in America?

America Prior to the Arrival of Europeans

Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 04/06/98 Locations of Major Indian Groups and Culture Areas in the 1600s 4 4 4 4

The Old World Explores The New World

Europe in the Middle Ages Why was it often called the Dark Ages? Limited Exchange of Ideas Curiosity and New Learning De-emphasized Superstition Predominated Travel Limited When did this change? The Crusades

Crusades 11th-14th Centuries Created an appetite for: Silk Perfumes Drapery Spices A need to trade directly with Asia

Europe in the Middle Ages What effect did the Crusades have on Europe? Interest in the products of the Middle East and the Far East Cheaper ways of getting these products TRANSPORTATION: Water vs. Land What products? Gold/Silver/Jewels Silk Spices

Portugal Leads the Way Prince Henry “The Navigator” Caravels

Portuguese creep along the coast of Africa… Slavery Bartholomeu Dias (1488) Vasco da Gama (1498)

Spain: Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile Expelled “Moors” from Spain… Competed with Portuguese … began to look westward

Voyages of European Exploration 04/06/98 16 17 17 17

The Treaty of Tordesillas Spain versus Portugal

Why did the “Age of Exploration” Occur? What was the motivation of the individual explorer, conquistador, monarch? Materialism, personal wealth Glory, personal fame Religion, conversion of the “heathens” Nationalism, promoting the wealth and power of the nation Scientific Curiosity

The Columbian Exchange

How did the European Colonization affect Native Culture? New Products Especially Cutting tools, metal Loss of Land Loss of Liberty Diminishing of Culture Language Customs Religion

How did the European Colonization affect Native Culture? Diminishing of Numbers Extinction Example - Taino 90% death rate War Disease Small Pox Whooping Cough Measles Chicken Pox, etc.

How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations? Money Three times the gold and silver in Europe Inflation More money in more hands … … More People wanting more goods … … More People making more goods … … Industrial Revolution

How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations? Food Corn Tomatoes Peppers Chocolate Pineapples Sweet Potatoes Potatoes *** Health, Nutrition Economic

How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations? Medicine Vitamins Anesthetics for Surgery and Dentistry Cocaine and derivatives Muscle relaxants for Lockjaw and Muscle spasms Curare Expectorants for cold remedies Guafenisen Poison treatment Ipecac Malaria “Fever Bark” - Quinine Analgesics Aspirin

How did Native American Culture affect Old World civilizations? Recreation Lacrosse Tobacco Chocolate Government Iroquois Confederacy “Federalism” in the US Constitution

The Spanish Colonies in America

04/06/98 A World Transformed Native Americans were eager for European trade; they were not initially victims of Spanish exploration They became dependent on and indebted to Europeans Disease decimated perhaps 95% of Native American population 7 7 7 7

Spanish Conquests & Colonies The Spanish used the encomienda system to create large cash crop plantations using Native American & African slave labor Spanish missionaries focused heavily on converting Native Americans & establishing missions

From Plunder to Settlement 04/06/98 From Plunder to Settlement By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards immigrated to the New World Mostly unmarried males came to New World; intermarriage led to mixed-blood mestizos & mulattos Distinguished between social classes: peninsulares & creoles The Spanish government operated strict control over the colonies Whites from Spain Whites born in America 17 18 18 18

Spanish Empire Its conquering of the Americas would allow Spain to become the most powerful empire in the world during the 16th Century “We came here to serve God and King… and to get rich” Not only disease, but civil wars and religious superstitions also allowed the Europeans, namely the Spanish, to conquer the Native Americans (who GREATLY outnumbered the explorers) The advanced technology of the Europeans offered an incredible advantage in combat Gunpowder, cannon, and bullets vs. bows and arrows Horses (transport and cavalry) and also pigs, cattle, and goats (foodstuffs) played a very important role in conquest

Spanish-American Culture The Spanish conquerors would establish the encomienda system Encomienda – a system of villages granted to a privileged Spanish officer or aristocrat Was responsible for providing for Spanish missionaries and contributing wealth to the empire Extreme class discrepancy: at one end were the wealthy conquistadores and at the other the impoverished natives

The Spread of Catholicism Catholic missionaries quickly spread to the Americas in the wake of the conquistadors’ victories The Natives were viewed as pagans and the Catholic religion was in turn imposed upon the people The spreading epidemics were seen as the wrath of God upon the pagans and justified the actions of the god-fearing Spanish A few missionaries would become the only advocates that the Natives had among the Europeans Bartolome de la Casas and A Brief Relation of the Destruction of the Indies Poet Staceyann Chin reads Bartolomé de Las Casas

Spanish Exploration of the US Spain would never develop successful settlements (in terms of trade and power) in US territory  mainly due to its primary lust for gold and silver instead of developing centers of trade Juan Ponce de Leon – explored Florida Hernando de Soto – explored the Southeast US Francisco Coronado – explored the Southwest US St. Augustine – the oldest surviving settlement in the US, established in 1565 in Florida Spanish missions would dot the Southwest US with some surviving today Santa Fe was the 1st permanent seat of government in the US By 1630 there were over 50 missions and 3,000 Spanish in the New Mexico territory

The Horse The introduction of the horse would forever transform the Native American cultures of the US Tribes such as those of the Great Plains converted from agriculturally domestic to nomadic within a very short period of time after acquiring and breeding a significant horse population Following the buffalo herds became the focus of Native society

The French Colonies in America

The French Claim Canada 04/06/98 The French Claim Canada In 1608, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec; French Empire eventually included St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, Mississippi The French government strictly controlled the colonies but made little effort to encourage settlement Because the fur trade was the basis of the colonial economy, Indians became valued trading partners (not exploitive like Spain) 18 19 19 19

Like Spain, the French gov’t encouraged converting Native Americans & establishing missions