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Amoeba Sisters

MUTATIONS: Mutations are changes in the genetic material. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm MUTATIONS: Mutations are changes in the genetic material.

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www. biologyjunction Kinds of Mutations Mutations that produce changes in a single gene are known as gene mutations. Mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as chromosomal mutations.

Kinds of Mutations Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm Gene Mutations  Gene mutations involving a change in one or a few nucleotides are known as point mutations because they occur at a single point in the DNA sequence. Point mutations include substitutions, insertions, and deletions.

Kinds of Mutations: substitutions Substitutions usually affect no more than a single amino acid. Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. In a substitution, one base replaces another. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm

Kinds of Mutations: frameshift The effects of insertions or deletions are more dramatic. The addition or deletion of a nucleotide causes a shift in the grouping of codons. Changes like these are called frameshift mutations. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm

Kinds of Mutations: insertion In an insertion, an extra base is inserted into a base sequence. Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. In an insertion, an extra base is inserted into a base sequence. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm

Kinds of Mutations: deletion In a deletion, the loss of a single base is deleted and the reading frame is shifted. Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. The loss of a single letter in a sentence models the effects of the deletion of one base in a DNA sequence. Deletions involve the loss of all or part of a chromosome. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm

Kinds of Mutations: chromosomal Chromosomal Mutations  Chromosomal mutations involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm

Kinds of Mutations: Duplication Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm Duplications produce extra copies of parts of a chromosome. Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes.

Kinds of Mutations: inversion Inversions reverse the direction of parts of chromosomes. Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm

Kinds of Mutations: translocation Translocations occurs when part of one chromosome breaks off and attaches to another. Chromosomal mutations involve changes in whole chromosomes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm

Significance of Mutations Many mutations have little or no effect on gene expression. Some mutations are the cause of genetic disorders. Polyploidy is the condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall: http://www.biologyjunction.com/powerpoints_dragonfly_book_prent.htm

12–4 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A mutation in which all or part of a chromosome is lost is called a(an) duplication. deletion. inversion. point mutation.

12–4 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A mutation that affects every amino acid following an insertion or deletion is called a(an) frameshift mutation. point mutation. chromosomal mutation. inversion.

12–4 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A mutation in which a segment of a chromosome is repeated is called a(an) deletion. inversion. duplication. point mutation.

12–4 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The type of point mutation that usually affects only a single amino acid is called a deletion. a frameshift mutation. an insertion. a substitution.

12–4 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall When two different chromosomes exchange some of their material, the mutation is called a(an) inversion. deletion. substitution. translocation.