Catalyst Create a circle map about mutations. Mutations

Mutations

I. Mutations -Any change in DNA sequence (order of nucleotides) is a mutation. -Mutations can be caused by mistakes in DNA replication, in transcription, in cell division and by other outside factors.

II. Mutations in Reproductive (Sex) Cells -Mutations in sex cells (sperm and egg cells) can lead to changes in the DNA sequence which will can be passed down to a person’s children.

II. Mutations in sex cells -X-men and X-women would be a result of mutations in sex cells. These people inherited mutated (changed) DNA from their parents:

One last X-woman…

III. Mutations in Body Cells -Mutations in body cells cannot be passed on to your children, however, they can cause cancer or other problems in your body. A cancer cell.

III. Cancer as a result of mutations in body cells: A person with skin cancer-This is why it’s important to always wear sunscreen!

III. Cancer as a result of mutations in body cells: Tongue cancer and lung cancer are often caused by changes in body cells as a result of smoking, so don’t smoke!!!

IV. Point mutation -A point mutation is a change in one base pair in a DNA sequence. A point mutation can cause an amino acid to change, which will change the structure of the protein being made. Example: AUG=Met AAG=Lys -Only one letter was changed (the A to a U) and the entire amino acid changed (from methionine to lysine).

IV. Point mutation Normal Point mutation mRNA Protein Stop Replace G with A Point mutation mRNA Protein Stop

Point mutations in our lives! -Sickle cell anemia is a blood disease caused by a point mutation. -A single nucleotide is changed from “A” to “T” which causes the amino acid to change from glutamic acid to valine: Amino acids: Thr – Pro – Glu – Glu Normal: ACT CCT GAG GAG Sickle cell: ACT CCT GTG GAG Amino acids: Thr – Pro – Val – Glu

Point mutations in our lives! -People with sickle cell anemia often experience a lot of pain and swelling and have trouble exercising.

V. Frameshift mutation -A frameshift mutation is when one nucleotide is added or deleted from the DNA strand. -A frameshift mutation is much worse than a point mutation because it causes the entire DNA sequence to be shifted over! Example: DNA: ATTAAACCG ATAAACCG Delete this T

V. Frameshift mutation Deletion of U Frameshift mutation mRNA Protein

Difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation.

Questions: Is this a point mutation or a frameshift mutation? -It’s a point mutation because only one nucleotide changed!

Questions: THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR Point or frameshift? Point!

Questions THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOB ITT HEC AT Point or frameshift?

ATCGCGTATTCG ATCGGGTATTCG Substitution ATCGCGTATTCG ATCGGGTATTCG

ATCGCGTATTCG ATCGCTATTCG Deletion ATCGCGTATTCG ATCGCTATTCG

ATCGCGTATTCG ATCGCGTTATTCG Insertion ATCGCGTATTCG ATCGCGTTATTCG