What are chromosomes, DNA & Cell Reproduction? How many chromosomes do we have? What types of information do they carry? How many genes do we have? What is the Human Genome Project? (Who’s DNA did it come from?) You need to understand these concepts to understand genetics, mitosis & meiosis! Is it important to understand this “stuff”?

In human history MOST people have used the understanding of DNA & genetics either for the good of mankind and sad to say…in some cases, the most heinous purposes.

The good of mankind….

Awesome careers too…

The Oath of Hippocrates I SWEAR by Apollo the physician, and Aesculapius, and Health, and All-heal, and all the gods and goddesses, that, according to my ability and judgment, I will keep this Oath and this stipulation to reckon him who taught me this Art equally dear to me as my parents, to share my substance with him, and relieve his necessities if required; to look upon his offspring in the same footing as my own brothers, and to teach them this art, if they shall wish to learn it, without fee or stipulation; and that by precept, lecture, and every other mode of instruction, I will impart a knowledge of the Art to my own sons, and those of my teachers, and to disciples bound by a stipulation and oath according to the law of medicine, but to none others. I will follow that system of regimen which, according to my ability and judgment, I consider for the benefit of my patients, and abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous. I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel; and in like manner I will not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion. With purity and with holiness I will pass my life and practice my Art. I will not cut persons laboring under the stone, but will leave this to be done by men who are practitioners of this work. Into whatever houses I enter, I will go into them for the benefit of the sick, and will abstain from every voluntary act of mischief and corruption; and, further from the seduction of females or males, of freemen and slaves. Whatever, in connection with my professional practice or not, in connection with it, I see or hear, in the life of men, which ought not to be spoken of abroad, I will not divulge, as reckoning that all such should be kept secret. While I continue to keep this Oath unviolated, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and the practice of the art, respected by all men, in all times! But should I trespass and violate this Oath, may the reverse be my lot!

One of the worst…. Dr. Josef Mengele, nicknamed The Angel Of Death At Auschwitz Josef Mengele did a number of medical experiments, using twins. These twins as young as five years of age were usually murdered after the experiment was over and their bodies dissected.

He tried to make a master race by understanding genetics & reproduction ( twins)

Was a notorious Nazi doctor known as the 'Angel of Death' behind an alarming number of twins born in a small Brazilian town?

The most demented experiment of all… A Soviet scientist named Dr. Ivanov, back in the 1920s, had the bright idea that if you breed an ape-man, you could get soldiers with the strength of apes and the brains of humans.

This is what we will be learning today… This is what we will be learning today…..this is the “stuff” that your mom and dad gave you…for FREE!

The Human Genome Project

The blueprints of a man & car

X and Y chomosomes Does the Y chromosome carry a lot of genetic information?

Gametes are an organism’s reproductive cells, example= egg & sperm. Key concepts to know! Around 2 trillion cells are produced by an adult human body every day (25 million cells per/second). Gametes are an organism’s reproductive cells, example= egg & sperm. The genetic information is stored in the molecule DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). We have around 30,000-35,000 genes!

Chromosomes contain DNA (We have 46 of them!)

Chromosome: a very long DNA molecule and associated proteins, that carry portions of the hereditary information of an organism.

The Structure of DNA!!!

What is DNA? DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is the primary genetic material in all living organisms - a molecule composed of two complementary strands that are wound around each other in a double helix formation. The strands are connected by base pairs that look like rungs in a ladder. Each base will pair with only one other: adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T), guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C). The sequence of each single strand can therefore be deduced by the identity of its partner.

What are genes. You have a lot of them What are genes? You have a lot of them! It is you and it is why…you are you! Genes are spiraled, threadlike particles made of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA contains the instructions for building proteins. And proteins control the structure and function of all the cells that make up your body. Genes and the important information they carry are packaged inside chromosomes. Most cells in your body have two copies of every chromosome and, therefore, two copies of every gene: one from your mother and one from your father.

Eukaryotic cell (nucleus)ChromosomeDNA (Double Helix)GenesBase Pairs

Like the “specific” arrangement of letters that make up your favorite book…the “specific” arrangement of nucleotides do the same for this beautiful tiger!

All these animals too….they are unique because of their _____?

The specific coding in DNA makes life the way it is today…like this Malaysian Mermaid!

Close up view….of The Little Mermaid!

Who determines if the baby is going to be a boy or girl….mom or dad? Key Terms to know/understand! Autosomes are “regular” chromosomes that are NOT involved in determing the sex (gender) of an individual. Sex chromosome are one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans; genes that determine if the baby is going to be a boy or a girl. Who determines if the baby is going to be a boy or girl….mom or dad?

What’s a higher probability, the chance of having a boy or girl? The father because he is XY therefore he can donate either the X chromosome or the Y chromosome. The mother is XX and she could only donate an X chromosome. Humans with an ‘extra’ copy of a chromosome is called trisomy. What’s a higher probability, the chance of having a boy or girl?

Why YOU are learning this “stuff”? This would result in Down’s Syndrome.

Down syndrome is due to one of the following: Important points Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal condition affecting newborn babies Characteristics may include intellectual delay, distinct facial features, problems with the heart and digestive tract Down syndrome is due to one of the following: An additional copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21) in all of the cells of the body (about 95% of cases) An additional copy of chromosome 21 in some of the cells of the body (mosaic trisomy 21- about 1% of cases) A chromosomal translocation involving chromosome 21 (about 4% of cases) The chance for having a child with Down syndrome due to trisomy 21 increases with the mother’s age If a woman has had a child with trisomy 21 there may be a small additional increase in risk over her age risk for having another child with the condition The translocation type of Down syndrome can run in families (inherited) Screening and diagnostic testing (where indicated) for Down syndrome is available in pregnancy

What is DNA Fingerprinting? DNA fingerprinting is a way of identifying a specific individual, rather than simply identifying a species or some particular trait. It is also known as genetic fingerprinting or DNA profiling. (99% of human DNA is identical between individuals, but the 1% that differs enables scientists to distinguish identity.)

Who’s this?

DNA fingerprinting

Murder Scene

Who’s the Daddy of this baby?

Who’s the Dad?

Rape Case & DNA Evidence