Atlantic Revolution 1810-1825 France American 1789-1799 1775-1783 Haiti 1791-1803 1810-1825 Latin America

How did the Enlightenment contribute to the Atlantic Revolutions? Common Ideas Called democratic Revolutions Jefferson and Bolivar European Enlightenment – 1700s What: Cultural movement Common Ideas Johannes Guttenberg 1440 – came over in the form of books pamplets… Believe - Popular Sovereignty – authority to rule comes from the people, not god Don’t Like - Divine right of kings, state control of trade, aristocratic privaledges Like - Liberty, Equality, free trade, religious toleration, The Social Contract - Locke Bolivar – Peru, Venezuala (home), Columbia, Bolivia ----- Visited Haiti received military training from first black gov. in Americas Who: Intellectuals Mission: reform society using reason, challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and advance knowledge through the scientific method An example of a French Salon

Complete Chart 501-510 North American Haitian French Spanish American Where and when Cause(s) Course Result(s)

a.k.a. Spanish American Revolutions Latin American Independence Movements a.k.a. Spanish American Revolutions 1810-1825 Cause: discontented creoles Taxes and Tariffs Creoles – term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies, born and raised locally from those who immigrated as adults Enlightenment ideas Why the delay? And it takes 2xs longer Cause: Creoles Displease with Spain tightening grip on colonies – had enjoyed more autonomy (similar to American Revolution) Increase taxes and tariffs Educated creoles – know of the enlightenment “popular sovereignty” Why the delay? Do not have experience of local rule (self-government) Authoritarian government, strict rule of Catholicism Colonists are a small proportion of the population (many more native americans) Fear of the people below – Haitian revolution scares them --- they must be careful Popular Sovereignty – authority to rule comes from the people, not god José de San Martín Simon Bolivar

The start Napoleon 1808 Independence by 1826 Spain & Portugal Royal Family fleeing to Brazil Independence by 1826 Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil Portuguese crown remained in Brazil from 1808 until the Liberal Revolution of 1820 led to the return of John VI of Portugal on April 26, 1821 For thirteen years, Rio de Janeiro was the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal King of Spain Napoleon Ferdinand VII

How do you reform without causing a revolution from below? Peasant Rebellion 1810 (Mexico) José Morelos Miguel Hidalgo Mexican Independence 1821 Clergy & elite in control How do you reform without causing a revolution from below? Nativism Good /Americanos Bad Those born in the colonies Creoles Mestizos Free African Native Americans Those born in the old world Spain and Portugal Latin America deeply divided by race, class, and regions 1810 – peasant rebellion Increase in food prices They want to own land Led by Miguel Hidalgo (Priest) & Morelos Too radical for the colonial elites Both leaders were executed and their heads displayed for 10 years ---- 1821 (Mexican Independence) 1821 – clergy and creoles elite join for successful revolution Keeping the top on --- nativism promise freedom, social advancement, less legal restrictions Few promises were kept But it did help mobilize forces to fight for independence

The United States of South America? No ---- geographical and spatial boundaries = difficult communication and regionally developed cultures (identities) – too different End Note – compare and contrast the development of North and South America after their revolutions.

What accounts for the end of the Atlantic Slave Trade? Slavery Abolition Act 1833 Brazil 1888 US 1865 Slave Trade Act 1807 "Am I Not A Man And A Brother?" medallion created as part of anti-slavery campaign by Josiah Wedgwood, 1787 William Wilberforce, the leader of the British campaign to abolish the slave trade

Nationalism Nations and States A form of patriotism based upon the identification of a group of individuals with a nation. Devotion and loyalty to one's own cultural ethnic group Nations and States By 1900 – Nationalism takes hold People can be divided into nations – common culture, language, territory, and deserve to rule themselves Local alliances Religious affiliations Rule by foreigners not considered offensive Mass migration – end of slavery & Urbanization (rural to urban migration) – weakens local ties Power of the church – religion weakened by the enlightenment and scientific revolution Increased literacy and printing documents standardizes languages – some dialects merge Italy, Germany unify Poles and Ukrainians aware of oppression from Russian Empire Greeks and serbs freed from Ottomans Irish seek autonomy Result – governments claim to be acting in the name of their citizens Emmotional – love of coutnry – encouraged or instilled by governments Media Schools – forced use of national languages Religion - Japan Public holidays Conscription –France under Napoleon army of 800,000 Civic nationalism – assimilate and you are part of the nation Nationalism in Germany is different – you have to be in the correct race – Jews Egypt for Egyptian1870s Indian National Congress 1885

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What were the achievements and limitations of 19th century feminism? Brazil 1888 US 1865 Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1848 with two of her three sons