Community RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT (DCE3411) Associate Prof. Dr. Roziah Mohd Rasdi Dept. of Professional Development & Continuing Education Faculty of Educational Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia roziah_m@upm.edu.my

Theory and Model of Development

The social differentiation model The economic model – W. Rostow (1960) MODERNIZATION THEORY The social differentiation model – N. Smelser (1959) The economic model – W. Rostow (1960)

(increase in technology, and stable economy) What is modernization? Transformation Traditional Society Emulation of Western world (Westernization of developing countries) Utilization of more capitals Modern society (increase in technology, and stable economy)

DEVELOPMENT THEORY BY W. ROSTOW (1960)

Development Theory by W Development Theory by W. Rostow (1960) (This model is based on the economy of United Kingdom) 2 1 3 4 5 Time Economic Growth

5 4 3 2 1

Traditional Society (Masyarakat Tradisional) Limited output in production Low level of science and technology Fatalistic Political power is non-centralized

2. The Preconditions for Take-Off (Persediaan untuk Pelancaran) New initiatives for economic development, education, commerce and trade. Increases in investment in commercialization of raw materials/commodities. Presence of ‘dualistic society’ – the gap between the rich and the poor, and between regions is high

3. The Take–Off Stage (Peringkat Pelancaran) Agriculture is commercialized Growth in productivity – agriculture and industries in urban areas

4. The Drive to Maturity (Peringkat Ke Arah Kematangan) About 20% of GDP is invested in economy Towards involvement in international economy High use of science and technology Production is not the outcome of social necessity, but for maximizing profits for international capitalist economy

5. Mass Consumption (Peringkat Pengeluaran Barang Berkualiti) Developed country status Stable economy Production of durable goods All basic needs are satisfied, and moves to social welfare state. To pursue military power

How do you apply this theory to Malaysian development? Question: How do you apply this theory to Malaysian development?

THE SOCIAL DIFFERENTIATION MODEL by SMELSER (1959)

The model consists of four processes that explain the change from traditional to modern society. 1. There is a move from simple to complex technology  modernization of technology. Eg. Use of typewriter to computer

2. There is a change from subsistence farming to cash crop farming  commercialization of agriculture. e.g. Use of HYV of paddy for 2- cropping replacing the 1-cropping

3. There is a transformation from the use of human and animal power to machine power  industrialization. e.g. : Use of machines in textile and food industries

There is a change from the rural settlements to urban settlements There is a change from the rural settlements to urban settlements. There should be accompanied by public amenities such as schools and banks. The processes may occur simultaneously or at different time or rates Modernization leads to social and structural differentiation.

e.g. : A developed economy and society is highly differentiated culture. Commercialization of agriculture leads to differentiation of production, marketing and consumption.

The change from traditional to modern society affects social structure in 3 ways: 1. Structural differentiation is defined as a process whereby one social role or organization differentiates into two or more roles or structure to function more effectively. The new social units are structurally distinct from each other.

2. Integration – small differentiated units merge into larger units which are assumed to be stronger and more efficient. 3. Differentiation may lead to uneven processes of change – conflicts, disturbances, disparity in values and acceptance. e.g. : one reaction to modernization has been the emergence of social groups that reject modern values.

Another theory of development by Dudley Seers (1969) says that development should occur when 3 major social problems i.e. inequality, poverty and unemployment among the population are reduced.

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