1914 – World War I After the wars… Age of extremes: Regions fighting for power and territory Empires weakened, monarchies toppled, new nations form Age of extremes: democracies vs. dictatorships prosperity vs. poverty

Overview of era WWI – destroyed empires, weakened Europe Interwar period Economic crisis Dictatorial regimes Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Soviet Russia WWII – largest, bloodiest, costliest warfare Cold War: Communism vs. Capitalism Decolonization Democratization Modernization Globalization

World War I – causes M.A.I.N. Militarism Alliances Imperialism Rise of Britain’s navy/empire – made Germany jealous Alliances Triple Entente: France, Russia, Britain Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria, Italy (Italy later switches) Imperialism Competition for colonies in Africa, India, SE Asia Nationalism Balkan peninsula Pan-Slavic Movement vs. Russification

World War I 1914 - 1918 Short Term Causes: Balkans: “Powder Keg of Europe” Assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand Austria declares war Russia to Serbian defense Germany mobilizes France aids Russia The Schlieffen Plan – attack France quickly Western Front – stalemate, trench warfare Zimmerman Note – angers US into entering war

After World War I Paris Peace Conference Left out the Central Powers Treaties for defeated nations: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Treaty of Versailles: agreement w/Germany Wilson’s Fourteen Points – largely ignored End secret treaties, freedom of seas, reduction of arms, decolonization, self-determination Dismantled Austria-Hungary; formed new nations of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, Latvia; Force immigration; Mandate system in Middle East Germany – War Guilt clause, loss of territory, loss of colonies, disarmament, war payments

World War II – build up to war Nazi Germany Hitler ignores Versailles – rebuilds army, annexes Austria Takes Czechoslovakia – appeasement does not work Militaristic Japan Military takes control of government Invades mainland China, fights in Siberia, attacks Pearl Harbor, takes territory in SE Asia

World war II - effects Holocaust: 12 million deaths, 6 million Jews Refugees – displaced persons Nations/cities in ruins Poverty Shortage of food, clothing, consumer goods Colonies push for independence Divided world power – US and USSR Europe – becomes Cold War battleground, dismantles Europe’s global dominance

The Cold War US: Democratic capitalism USSR: Communism Deadliest arms race – fundamental shift in world power Features: - technological: arms race, space race (Sputnik) - geopolitical: global influence – developing nations - ideological: divided nations (ex:N and S Korea) NATO, Warsaw pact Korean War, Vietnam War

Global balance of power Reduction of European Influence The League of Nations The United Nations Decolonization – Africa, Middle East, Latin America, South and SE Asia New nationalism emerges: Middle East divides, Soviet Union dissolves, Chinese Republic forms

Middle east Post WWI Post WWII Young Turks under Kemal- Turkey (secular) Rest become mandates (under Br and Fr) Post WWII Formation of Isreal OPEC- cooperative interests War on Terrorism- response to West

Modernization: Four Models The West: Western Europe, US, Canada The Tigers: Japan, Taiwan, S. Korea, Indonesia, Singapore Eastern Europe: Soviet Union, Eastern Block nations Developing Nations: Asia, Africa, Middle East, Latin America

The West Stable democratization Economic prosperity Thorough urbanization Commitment to social equality (impact of women) Creation of social welfare systems Scientific and technological achievements Economies that emphasize services, consumerism, technology Population loss/stagnation?

The Asian Tigers Economic and technical modernization Urbanization High degree/variety of social services High-tech economies Japan equal to West Some democratization Slow to embrace/tolerate diversity and individualism

Eastern Europe Modernized economically Urbanization Social welfare services Technological and scientific advancement Industrialized Dictatorial and repressive political systems Difficulties moving toward democracy and economic prosperity

Developing Nations Trying to attain advanced economic systems Considering representative government Two extremes: progress or backwardness Poverty, civil war, dictatorship Women’s status Population Growth!

Globalization It can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and functioning together. This process is a combination of social, cultural, economic, technological, and political forces. Multinational corporations Regional alliances – European Union G-7 then G-8 (US, Canada, G. Britain, Japan, Germany, France, Italy, Russia) WTO NAFTA

Revolution 1917 Russian Revolution – from Tsar to communism 1927 People’s Republic of China – to communism 1959 Cuban Revolution – dictator to communism 1979 Iranian Revolution – secular to theocracy

Causes of 20th Century Revolutions WWI and WWII --dislocated soldiers in colonies --weakened imperial countries (France and England) Intellectual Climate --impact of Marx and Communism Anti-Western --response to imperialism --failures of western system based on WWI and WWII