Biology Revision Mr Wardell Lab 2233

Heart Disease 1) Blood gets pumped from the heart to the lungs and picks up oxygen 2) The blood is then taken back to the heart which needs its own blood supply… 3) The heart pumps the blood to the intestine (where oxygen and glucose are removed)… 5) After the oxygen and glucose have been removed for respiration the blood is sent back to the heart and starts again 4) … and to the rest of the body (where oxygen is removed)

The Circulatory system The circulatory system is responsible for pumping ______ around the body. We need blood to be taken around the body because blood contains ________ and _______. These are needed so that all the ____ in our bodies can produce _____ through _________. Blood is pumped at high pressure and measuring the pulse rate can tell us the heart rate. Words – energy, blood, glucose, respiration, oxygen, cells

Arteries, veins and capillaries Arteries carry high pressure blood away from the heart. They have smaller lumen and no valves. Capillaries have thin walls (one cell thick) to allow glucose and oxygen to pass through. Also used to connect arteries to veins. “Lumen” Veins carry low pressure blood back to the heart. They have thinner, less elastic walls and have valves to prevent backflow of blood.

Measuring Blood Pressure Blood pressure measurements are taken in terms of “Pressure when heart is contracting over pressure when heart is relaxed”. Healthy blood pressures are defined as being within a range, due to the fact that every person is different.

Heart disease Cholesterol

Words – alcohol, burst, smoking, heart, fat High Blood Pressure High blood pressure is a condition where the ______ and blood vessels experience extra strain. It can be caused by: Excess weight or lack of exercise High stress levels _____ Excess _______ Diets that are high in saturated ___, sugar or salt Long term high blood pressure can cause blood vessels to weaken or even ______ and can lead to heart disease. Words – alcohol, burst, smoking, heart, fat

Heart Disease and Lifestyle Who is the most likely to die of heart disease in the next 20 years?

Words – smoking, exercise, genetic, saturated Heart Disease Risks Clearly, the risk of heart disease depends on a number of factors: Lack of _________ Eating foods high in _________ fats ______ factors, e.g. if your parents had it Whether or not you _______ Factors that affect the risk of heart disease can be identified via large-scale genetic studies. Words – smoking, exercise, genetic, saturated

Producing antibodies You’re going down 20/09/2018 You’re going down Step 1: The white blood cell “sees” the pathogen (microbe) Step 2: The cell produces antibodies to “fit” the pathogen Step 3: The antibodies fit onto the pathogens and cause them to “clump” Step 4: The pathogens are “eaten” by the white blood cells

Specific antibodies Microbe Antigen 20/09/2018 Microbe Antigen Antibodies are specific – they will neutralise the microbe they have been made for. They do this by recognising the antigen on the surface of the microbe. Once the body has made the antibody “memory cells” can make it again very quickly if needed, which protects you from catching the disease again.

Words – antibodies, vaccinated, side effects, epidemic, dead, microbe Vaccinations 20/09/2018 Vaccinations work by injecting a _____ or weakened form of a ________ into the body. The body is then “tricked” into producing _______. The memory cells then remember the antigen so that, if the person catches the real disease, they are ready for it. In order to prevent an ______, sometimes large numbers of the population can be ______. A possible problem with this is that people can feel ____ ______. Words – antibodies, vaccinated, side effects, epidemic, dead, microbe