Circulation and Immunity

3 Main Components Of the Human Circulatory System: What are they? Heart Blood Vessels Blood

Through which blood vessel does blood return from the lungs to the left atrium? Pulmonary Vein

Where do the atrioventricular valves do? Separates ventricles from the atrium

What do the semilunar valves do? Control the flow of blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery

Elasticity in the arteries has what functions? Allows a large volume of blood, and at a fairly high pressure, to pass through the vessel. Elastic walls helps vessel accommodate the large volumes of blood passing through.

What is diastolic pressure? Lowest pressure is called diastolic pressure, occurs just before the ventricles contract

What is systolic pressure? Maximum pressure is called systolic pressure, during ventricle contraction

What does the pulmonary blood transport system do? Transports blood between the heart and the lungs

What does the systematic blood transport system do? Moves blood from the left ventricle to the tissues and back to the right atrium

Oxygen and nutrients are transported directly to the muscles through what? Aorta

The first sound “lub” in the “lub dub” sound that the heart makes is because what is happening? Atrioventricular valve is closing

Why do capillaries carry less blood than arteries do? Much smaller and thinner

Veins prevent blood from going backwards with? One-way valves

What do White Blood Cells do? They Respond to infection Make up1% of blood volume Lymph nodes also contain macrophages, white blood cells that destroy bacteria The lymphatic system works with white blood cells to protect against infection Volume may double during infection Contain nuclei Colourless

What do Red Blood Cells do? Make up 44% of blood volume Are in charge of O2 transport disc shaped, lack a nucleus contain hemoglobin: iron rich protein readily picks up O2 carries CO2 away from cells transfers gases via diffusion

What does Plasma do? fluid component of blood Makes up 55% of volume contains: dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, hormones,waste products Suspends blood cells Key role in CO2 transport 92% water 7% proteins 1% ions Trace amount organic substances

What do Platelets do? Fragments of cells, have no nucleus Key role in clotting Formed in marrow when large cells break apart Buildup of platelets stops bleeding from happening

What is Atherosclerosis? How is it Treated? Build-up of fatty deposits on wall of artery Blood flow is decreased, blood pressure is increased Treated with aspirin to prevent platelets from sticking together (clots) Treated with medication to breakdown existing clots Surgical treatments such as angioplasty; permanent stent is inserted into artery to “re-open” passage way

Identify structures of the heart

What is Vasoconstriction? Narrowing of blood vessels near skin surface Reduces blood flow Reduces heat loss

What triggers vasoconstriction? Low blood pressure

What is vasodilation? Enlarging of blood vessels near skin surface Increases blood flow Increases heat loss

What triggers vasodilation? high blood pressure exercise alcohol and nicotine

What could prevent you from suffering from high blood pressure issue? Low alcohol use Consistent exercise Healthy diet (lower in saturated and higher in unsaturated)

How does transport happen across the capillaries? exchange of matter with body cells thin for diffusion networks or beds flow is slow As blood circulates, plasma escapes from capillaries and becomes part of interstitial fluid network of fine vessels where gas and nutrient transfer to tissues occurs. Capillaries join arteries to veins Capillary walls are a single cell thick

People who have a higher number of leukocytes may have which disorder? Leukaemia — Myeloid

A lower number of hematocrit (red blood cells) means that people could have what disorder? Anemia

What does the lymphatic system do? The lymphatic system works with white blood cells to protect against infection Pathogens are prevented from entering the body, or are destroyed once inside. 3 lines of defence: Barriers General/ non-specific Specific

What are direct defences of the body? physical or chemical Examples: eyelashes, cilia, tears, stomach acid, skin Skin is the largest barrier

Non-Specific Defences? Involves 3 types of white blood cells: Macrophages, neutrophils & monocytes kill pathogens via phagocytosis

Blood Type O- Universal Donor Neither A or B Antigens Found on Surface of Red Blood Cells Both A and B Plasma Antibodies Rh Negative

AB+ — universal recipient A and B Antigens Found on Surface of Red Blood Cells Neither A and B Plasma Antibodies Rh+ Factor

What is a triple bypass Surgery? healthy vessels are taken from elsewhere in the body and used to create a new pathway around a blocked vessel. Used to treat cardiovascular disease

Helper T-Cells: What do they do? Identify the antigens

What is the equation: Cardiac Output? cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

Review Steps in the cardiac cycle Steps in the production of antibodies Parts of the heart Blood Types Equations Disorders + Treatments