Anatomy and Physiology 9/20/2018 Anatomy and Physiology

Outline Terminology The Respiratory System The Circulatory System The Nervous System The Musculoskeletal System The Integumentary System

Why A and P? One of the responsibilities of an EMS provider is patient assessment Finding signs of illness and injury requires knowing the normal structure and function of the body

Terminology

Terminology

Respiratory System The function of the respiratory system is of utmost importance in patient assessment and patient care

The respiratory system works to constantly supply the cells of the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide from the body The respiratory system works to constantly supply the cells of the body with oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide from the body.

Respiratory System

Upper Respiratory

Lower Respiratory

Aveoli Alveoli Bronchiole

Diaphragm An important muscle in breathing Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen Under involuntary control Can temporarily override its function voluntarily

Diaphragm Function

Infant and Child Airway Structures are smaller and easily obstructed Tongue is larger and may block airway Trachea is softer and may be obstructed by bending the neck too far backward

Comparison of the diameter of the child’s trachea versus the adult’s. 9/20/2018 Comparison of the diameter of the child’s trachea versus the adult’s. Adult (20 mm) Infant (4 mm)

Airway / Respiratory Problems in Children Primary cause of cardiac arrest in children is an uncorrected airway or respiratory problem Airway deserves utmost attention in patient assessment and treatment

Circulatory System Pump Pipes Fluid Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins Blood

Internal View of Heart Ventricles Atria

Atrium Right Atrium Left Atrium Receives deoxygenated blood from body through vena cavae Left Atrium Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through the pulmonary vein

Ventricles Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery Left Ventricle Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta

Arteries Carry blood away from the heart High pressure Pulse wave generated with every heartbeat Pulse: Pulse wave in artery close to skin

Major Arteries

Aorta Body’s main artery Leaves left ventricle Branches into smaller arteries Carotid Femoral Radial Brachial

Pulse Points Carotid artery Brachial artery Radial artery Femoral artery

Capillaries Smallest arteries lead to microscopic capillaries Surround cells of the body Very thin walls O2 and CO2 move through them to be exchanged between the body and the atmosphere

Veins Capillaries lead to smallest veins Smaller veins empty into larger ones Vena cavae (largest veins) empty into the right atrium Pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium

Major Veins External jugular Inferior vena cava Femoral vein Great saphenous

Blood Plasma (carries blood cells) Red blood cells (Carry O2) White blood cells (fight infection) Platelets (blood clotting)

Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Motor nerves Sensory nerves

Musculoskeletal System Gives body shape Gives body support Protects internal organs Provides for movement

Skull

Injury to spinal cord may cause: Weakness Numbness Tingling Paralysis from site of injury down Injury to the spinal cord in the neck may paralyze the muscles used for breathing

Bones of the Thorax Protects heart and lungs Injuries to thorax may be life threatening

Pelvis Hip bones are large and heavy May be associated with internal injuries and massive internal bleeding when fractured (broken)

Extremities

Joints Point of contact between bones such as at the elbow, hip, or knee Allow for movement of the body

Muscle Types Skeletal Smooth Cardiac Voluntary Involuntary Found in organs such as intestines Cardiac Only found in heart

Major Muscles

Skin Largest organ in the body

Skin Protects the body from the environment Helps regulate body temperature Has many nerve endings to provide the brain with information about the environment

Other Body Systems Gastrointestinal (Digestive) Genitourinary 9/20/2018 Other Body Systems Gastrointestinal (Digestive) Genitourinary Urinary and Reproductive Systems Endocrine Lymphatic

Summary This is a limited overview of the anatomy (structure) and physiology (function) of the human body The human body is very complex and interesting Further study of anatomy and physiology is recommended

Questions?