Chapter One Uncovering the Past

Studying History What is history? Why do we study it? Why is archaeology important to the study of history?

People who’s study focuses Historian: people who study and write about the human past Archaeologist: people who hunt for evidence buried in the ground. Ex. Artifacts/fossils Anthropologist: People who’s study focuses on human society. Ex. Where they lived, how they developed, etc.

Understanding History Know Yourself Know Others Know Your World

Using Clues Fossils Artifacts Primary Sources Secondary Sources

Measuring Time Julian Calendar 365 days, a leap year every 4 years Historians rely on calendars, or dating systems, to measure time. Julian Calendar 365.25 days The founding of Rome was the basis of the calendar established by Julius Caesar, which was used in early Western Civilization for over a thousand years. Gregorian Calendar 365 days, a leap year every 4 years The birth of Christ was the basis of the Gregorian calendar used in the United States since its beginning and in most countries of the world today.

Dating Events The dates in the book are based on the Gregorian (Western) calendar and use the terms A.D., B.C., B.C.E., & C.E Does anyone know what these letters stand for?

Dating events continued A.D. : Anno Domini (means in the year of the Lord) C.E. : common era B.C. : before Christ B.C.E: before common era

Chronology a.d. or c.e. b.c. or b.c.e Birth of Christ When studying the past historians use A.D., B.C., B.C.E., & C.E. to show the order in which events happened Birth of Christ 1000 500 250 50 30 20 1 1 15 40 75 100 450 850 a.d. or c.e. b.c. or b.c.e

Periods of Time Decade- period of 10 years Century- period of 100 years Millennium- period of 1000 years

An Introduction to Primary and Secondary Sources

What are primary sources? Original records from the past recorded by people who were: Involved in the event Witnessed the event, OR Knew the persons involved in the event

What are primary sources? They can also be objects (artifacts) or visual evidence. They give you an idea about what people alive at the time saw or thought about the event.

What are primary sources? Keep in mind that a primary source reflects only one point of view and may contain a person’s bias (prejudice) toward an event.

Examples of primary sources: Printed Publications Books, magazines, newspapers

Examples of primary sources: Personal Records Diaries, journals, records

Examples of primary sources: Visual Materials Paintings, drawings, sculpture

Examples of primary sources: Visual Materials photographs, film, maps

Examples of primary sources: Oral Histories Click on this button to hear an example of oral history -------- > Chronicles, memoirs, myths, legends passed down by word of mouth

Examples of primary sources: Songs and Poems

Examples of primary sources: Artifacts Tools, ornaments, objects

What are secondary sources? Secondary sources are made at a later time. They include written information by historians or others AFTER an event has taken place.

What are secondary sources? Although they can be useful and reliable, they cannot reflect what people who lived at the time thought or felt about the event. But they can represent a more fair account of the event because they can include more than one point of view, or may include information that was unavailable at the time of the event.

Examples of secondary sources: Textbooks, biographies, histories, newspaper report by someone who was not present

Examples of secondary sources: Charts, graphs, or images created AFTER the time period.

Studying Geography Section 2 Physical Geography includes landforms, climate, and environment Human Geography focuses on people and the places they live

DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHY ge·og·ra·phy 1 : a science that deals with the description, distribution, and interaction of the diverse physical, biological, and cultural features of the earth's surface Source-Merriam Webster Collegiate Dictionary

Geography is the study of the earth and everything on it. IN PLAIN ENGLISH Geography is the study of the earth and everything on it.

5 THEMES OF GEOGRAPHY

Five fundamental themes of geography 1) Location: the meaning of relative and absolute position on the earth's surface Examples: Latitude and longitude, site and situation, direction, distance, scale Skills: Map reading, identification Questions: Where is ____? Where is ____ relative to where I am?

Five fundamental themes of geography 2) Place: the distinctive and distinguishing physical and human characteristics of locales Examples: Physical and cultural landscapes, sense of place Skills: Description, compare and contrast Questions: What does ____ look like? Why? How is it different from ____?

Five fundamental themes of geography 3) Relationships within places: the development and consequences of human-environment relationships Examples: Ecosystems, natural resources, environmental pollution Skills: Evaluation, analysis Questions: What human-environment relationships are occurring? How do they affect the place and its inhabitants?

Five fundamental themes of geography 4) Movement: patterns and change in human spatial interaction on the earth Examples: Migration, diffusion, globalization Skills: Explanation, prediction Questions: How has this spatial pattern developed? Will it continue to change? What does it mean for the places involved?

Five fundamental themes of geography 5) Regions: how they form and change Examples: volcanoes, erosion Skills: Synthesis, application Questions: How has this spatial pattern developed? Will it continue to change? What does it mean for the places involved?

Maps---Put this on the back of the notes Political maps show boundaries of countries, states, and counties. They also show major cities and capital cities Physical maps focus on the physical features of an area, such as landforms and elevation Map keys show the meaning of symbols on a map

What type of map is this?

What type of map is this?