Dynamic Energy Budget theory

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Presentation transcript:

Dynamic Energy Budget theory 1 Basic Concepts 2 Standard DEB model 3 Metabolism 4 Univariate DEB models 5 Multivariate DEB models 6 Effects of compounds 7 Extensions of DEB models 8 Co-variation of par values 9 Living together 10 Evolution 11 Evaluation

Evolution of DEB systems 10.3 variable structure composition strong homeostasis for structure internalisation of maintenance as demand process delay of use of internal substrates increase of maintenance costs installation of maturation program 1 2 3 4 5 6 prokaryotes 7 9 plants This scheme presents an evolutionary scenario for the metabolic organisation of an individual. Only 2 of several reserves are shown. Stacked dots (upper left) represent sloppy coupling between the various structural components 1: originally, strong homeostasis hardly applied and the various compounds from structure where formed from substrates, possibly will little transformation 2: the development of homeostasis comes with stoichiometric constraints on the uptake of substrates 3: since growth can only occur if all required substrates are present, and substrate concentrations vary in time, reserves develop, originally by delaying the processing of internalised substrates. 4: the increase of efficiency of protein-mediated substrate uptake involves maintenance costs. The increased uptake efficiency increases the reserve pools, and the necessity developed to convert and store reserve (in polymers, or nutrients in vacuoles) 5: since substrates vary in concentration and are continuously required for maintenance, the payment of maintenance is internalised and done from mobilised reserve 6: size control comes with a need for a maturation program; defense systems are fuelled from maturity maintenance Under starvation conditions, where maturity maintenance cannot be paid, rejuvenation occurs, and the hazard rate is increased. Failure of paying somatic maintenance leads to shrinking of structure, but is a threshold is exceeded, death is instantaneous. This situation applies to modern bacteria and many protoctists 7: The animal-line of development, which feed on other organisms, increased homeostasis and the number of reserves shrinks to 1. 8: Reproduction evolved and the juvenile stage gave rise to an embryo (no assimilation) and an adult stage (no maturation, but reproduction) 9: The plant-line of development increased the number of structures (roots and shoots), with specialised assimilation tasks Reproduction evolved also here, typically in the shoot, and translocation evolved: a fraction of mobilised reserve is allocated to the other structure. 8 animals Kooijman & Troost 2007 Biol Rev, 82, 1-30 reproduction juvenile  embryo + adult strong homeostasis for reserve specialization of structure

Evolution of DEB systems 10.3a Start: variable biomass composition, passive uptake Strong homeostasis  stoichiometric constraints Reserves: delay of use of internalised substrates  storage, weak homeostasis Maintenance requirements: turnover (e.g. active uptake by carriers), regulation Maintenance from reserve instead of substrate; increase reserve capacity Control of morphology via maturation; -rule  cell cycle Diversification of assimilation (litho-  photo-  heterotrophy) Eukaryotisation: heterotrophic start; unique event? Syntrophy & compartmentalisation: mitochondria, genome reorganisation Phagocytosis, plastids (acquisition of phototrophy) Animal trajectory: biotrophy Reduction of number of reserves Emergence of life stages Further increase of maintenance costs Further increase of reserve capacity Socialisation Supply  demand systems Plant trajectory: site fixation Differentiation of root and shoot Emergence of life stages Increase of metabolic flexibility (draught) Nutrient acquisition via transpiration Symbioses with animals, fungi, bacteria (e.g. re-mineralisation leaf litter, pollination)

Maternal and Paternal Lineages in Cross-Breeding Bovine Species. wisent = ♀ ox  ♂ bison 10.3.4 Verkaar, E.L.C., Nijman, I.J., Beeke, M., Hanekamp, E. & Lenstra, J.A. 2004 Maternal and Paternal Lineages in Cross-Breeding Bovine Species. Has Wisent a Hybrid Origin? Molecular Biology and Evolution 21: 1165-1170

Eukaryotic chromosome 10.3.4a

Mitosis 10.3.4b MT = micro-tubercule

Mitosis – Meiosis 10.3.4c Gametes mitosis meiosis

Mendel 10.3.4d

Ames test 10.3.4e Liver extract is added, because the enzymes can transform compounds The metabolites can have a different mutagenicity This makes the test more relevant for mammals (humans) Ames produced mutants of Salmonella typhimurium that cannot synthesize histidine The medium has all required nutrients, but only enough histidine for some 4 divisions Only if back-mutation occurs during growth can colonies continue to grow and be counted The inoculum size is 108. Genome size is 4.85 Mbp. What is the expected survival probability in case of 100 revertant colonies? We expect 4.85 mutations per genome in the case of random mutations and so high mortality The survival probability turns out to be typically 100 %, so back-mutation is not random

Heterotrophic Hepatophyta 10.4 Cryptothallus mirabilis

Please open Ch 10 Part IV