Digestive System (Part 3) Odds and Ends Digestion Overview

Gall Bladder Liver Common Bile Duct Gall Bladder secretes bile (made in the LIVER) into the duodenum to emulsify fats Breaks down fat into fat droplets Liver Common Bile Duct Gall Bladder

Gallstones Made of cholesterol and CaCO3 Block bile ducts

Pancreases (Hormonal Function) Pancrease is an endocrine gland Produces hormones in the islets of Langerhans releasing insulin and glucagon into bloodstream

Insulin Functions Aids in transportation of glucose into and out of cells by making cell membranes permeable to glucose Aids in formation of glycogen Aids in transfer of peptide monomer amino acids into cells Aids in metabolism of carbohydrates and helps maintain homeostasis

Insulin Feedback Mechanism Diabetic Video Insulin Feedback Mechanism Liver Stores glucose as glycogen Pancreases (secretes insulin) High Glucose (after eating) Muscles Store glycogen Adipose Stores glucose as fat Results in lower glucose levels

Glucagon Produced by the pancreases Works with Insulin in a complementary fashion Stimulates conversion of glycogen into glucose

Glucagon Feedback Mechanism Liver Converts glycogen to glucose Low Glucose (between meals) Pancreas (secretes glucagon) Muscles Converts glycogen to glucose Results in higher blood glucose levels Adipose Converts fat to glucose

Liver Six Major Functions Synthesis of digestive emulsifier bile Destroys red blood cells and converts the hemoglobin into bile components Maintains blood glucose homeostasis Deaminates amino acids by removing the toxic amino group and converting it into urea Manufactures plasma proteins (eg. Clotting components from amino acids found in the blood: fibrinogen) Detoxifies the blood by converting harmful metabolites into less harmful substance eg. alcohol

Liver Disorders

The Liver This is an in-situ photograph of the chest and abdominal contents. As can be seen, the liver is the largest parenchymal organ, lying just below the diaphragm. The right lobe (at the left in the photograph) is larger than the left lobe. The falciform ligament is the rough dividing line between the two lobes.

Cirrhosis caused by chronic alcoholism This is an example of a micronodular cirrhosis. The regenerative nodules are quite small, averaging less than 3 mm in size. The most common cause for this is chronic alcoholism. The process of cirrhosis develops over many years.

Intrahepatic Obstruction Here is an example of intrahepatic obstruction with a small stone in an intrahepatic bile duct.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Cancer) The satellite nodules of this hepatocellular carcinoma represent either intrahepatic spread of the tumor or multicentric origin of the tumor.

Dr. Oz: Liver Disease http://www.doctoroz.com/videos/1-food-you-need-lose-pt-2

Elephant Guts Elephant guts online stop after 1:42 Continue on to elephant guts 2