Domains and Kingdoms By PresenterMedia.com Classification has had many formats over the years, but the format we currently use was established in 1977.

Classification… 3 Domains… 6 Kingdoms… Bacteria Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Domain: Bacteria Kingdom: Bacteria *single-celled prokaryotes w/cell walls *huge group of organisms *Why is this group so large? *Can be classified by many traits: *shape: rod, spiral, or spherical *aerobic/anaerobic *pathogenic *Able to move around using flagella or pili Bacteria Pros? Bacteria Cons?

Domain: Archaea Kingdom: Archaea *single-celled prokaryotes w/cell walls *able to live in extremely harsh conditions: *deep sea vents *hot geysers *Antarctic waters *salt lakes *Able to move around using flagella or pili *aerobic/anaerobic

Compare/Contrast Bacteria and Archaea: Similarities: Differences: *prokaryotic *cell walls *flagella or pili *microscopic *tons of them *binary fission-what’s that? *Bacteria cell walls contain peptidoglycan. Archaea cell walls contain a type of lipid not found in any other organism. *STRUCTURE of flagella and pili *Although they look alike, bacteria and archaea are not closely related at all. *Archaea naturally reside in harsh environments. Bacteria form endospores when the going gets tough.

Did you know… Bacteria have various strategies for survival. Although prokaryotes reproduce via binary fission, it is possible for them to share genetic material with other prokaryotes through conjugation. One notable group of endospore-forming bacteria is Bacillus anthacis-more commonly known as anthrax-the first bacterium shown to be the cause of disease. Endospores are an evolutionary adaptation that enables the cell to lie dormant when conditions are dry or otherwise unfavorable. Endospores are covered with a tough layer of keratin and are highly resistant to heat and chemicals. Endospores can last for centuries…even thousands of years. Some have even been found in Egyptian mummies!

Why are disinfectants alone not enough to kill all types of bacteria?

Did you know… Fermentation Prokaryotes provide nutrients to humans and other animals. Digestion Prokaryotes play a key role in animal digestion by breaking down food in their digestive systems. They also make beneficial vitamins and keep harmful microbes away. Fermentation Many foods we eat are actually fermented, or chemically broken down, by bacteria. Examples: yogurt, cheese, pickles, soy sauce, sauerkraut, and vinegar

Did you know… Recycling elements Bioremediation Prokaryotes play important roles in ecosystems. Recycling elements Some prokaryotes produce oxygen through photosynthesis. Others recycle carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and sulfur through the ecosystem. Bioremediation This is a process that uses microbes and other living things to break down pollutants. Bacteria can digest almost anything man-made, including poisons. In fact, the term biodegradable often refers to the ability of bacteria to break down a material. Typically, plastics cannot be biodegraded.

Bacterial Diseases and Antibiotics Some bacteria cause disease. *Bacteria can cause disease in plants and animals by disrupting the host’s homeostasis. *Disease caused in two ways: *invading tissues and attacking cells *invading tissues and making toxins that can be carried by blood to sites throughout the body *Examples: Staph, tuberculosis, botulism

Bacterial Diseases and Antibiotics Antibiotics are used to fight bacterial disease. *Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or slow the growth of bacteria. They function by stopping bacteria from making cell walls. *Effective when used properly, but they DO NOT treat viruses. *Overuse of antibiotics can kill the beneficial bacteria found in your intestines, which can also make you sick.

Bacterial Diseases and Antibiotics Bacteria can evolve resistance to antibiotics. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQZnhjJnD5E

Shapes of Bacteria Rod-shaped bacteria Spiral-shaped bacteria Sphere-shaped bacteria