Topic: Cellular Respiration Aim: How is energy/ATP produced in living things? 2009-2010

Section Objectives: Compare and contrast cellular respiration and fermentation. Explain how cells obtain energy from cellular respiration.

What is cellular respiration? breaking down food to produce ATP in mitochondria using oxygen “aerobic” respiration usually digesting glucose but could be other sugars, fats, or proteins ATP food O2 Movement of hydrogen atoms from glucose to water glucose + oxygen  energy + carbon + water dioxide C6H12O6 6O2 ATP 6CO2 6H2O  +

What do cells need in order to make energy? The “Furnace” for making energy mitochondria Fuel food: carbohydrates, fats, proteins Helpers oxygen enzymes Product ATP Waste products carbon dioxide then used by plants water Make ATP! Make ATP! All I do all day… And no one even notices! food ATP enzymes CO2 H2O O2

Mitochondria are everywhere!! animal cells plant cells

{ { { ATP A Body’s Energy Budget make energy eat food synthesis 1 make energy • energy needed even at rest • activity • temperature control { ATP eat food • growth • reproduction • repair { 2 synthesis (building) • glycogen (animal starch) • fat { 3 storage

Using ATP to do work? Can’t store ATP ATP too unstable only used in cell that produces it only short term energy storage carbohydrates & fats are long term energy storage Adenosine TriPhosphate work Adenosine DiPhosphate ADP A working muscle recycles over 10 million ATPs per second Whoa! Pass me the glucose & oxygen!

Cellular Respiration: occur in 2 stages? The first stage, glycolysis—no oxygen is required. The last two stages are aerobic and require oxygen to be completed. SUMMARY EQUATION:

Stage 1: Glycolysis [Glyco=sweet, sugar] [lysis = to split] a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two molecules of pyruvic acid, a three-carbon compound produces only two ATP molecules for each glucose molecule broken down. (4-2=2) 2 molecules of NADH are formed 4ATP 2ATP 2ADP 4ADP + 4P Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid 2NAD+ 2NADH + 2H+

What if oxygen is missing? No oxygen available = can’t complete aerobic respiration Then ->Anaerobic respiration occur also known as fermentation alcohol fermentation lactic acid fermentation no oxygen or no mitochondria (bacteria) can only make very little ATP from glucose large animals cannot survive yeast bacteria

Anaerobic Respiration Fermentation alcohol fermentation yeast glucose  ATP + CO2+ alcohol make beer, wine, bread lactic acid fermentation bacteria, animals glucose  ATP + lactic acid bacteria make yogurt animals feel muscle fatigue Tastes good… but not enough energy for me!

Alcoholic fermentation glucose -> pyruvic acid-> 2 ethyl alcohol + 2 CO2 2ATP GLYCOLYSIS FERMENTATION used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol

Lactic acid fermentation Glucose->pyruvic acid -> 2 lactic acid 2ATP GLYCOLYSIS FERMENTATION used to make cheese and yogurt ~ in humans during strenuous exercise not enough oxygen from blood “oxygen debt” ~ lactic acid accumulates in muscle; leads to fatigue and pain Will be converted back to pyruvic acid in liver

Got the energy… Ask Questions!!

Topic: Photosynthesis Aim: How do plants carry out photosynthesis? 2006-2007

Section Objectives Relate the structure of chloroplasts to the events in photosynthesis Understand why photosynthesis is important to all living things

What is photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Plants are energy producers Like animals, plants need energy to live unlike animals, plants don’t need to eat food to make that energy Plants make both FOOD & ENERGY animals are heterotrophs(consumers) plants are autotrophs (producers)

Plants use the energy from the sun to make ATP energy to make sugars glucose, sucrose, cellulose, starch, & more sun ATP sugars

Building plants from sunlight & air Photosynthesis 2 separate processes ENERGY building reactions collect sun energy use it to make ATP SUGAR building reactions take the ATP energy collect CO2 from air & H2O from ground use all to build sugars ATP H2O + CO2 sugars carbon dioxide CO2 water H2O sugars C6H12O6 +

What do plants need to grow? The “factory” for making energy & sugars chloroplast Fuels sunlight carbon dioxide water The Helpers enzymes Make ATP! Make sugar! I can do it all… And no one even notices! sun CO2 ATP enzymes sugars H2O

So what does a plant need? Bring In light CO2 H2O Let Out O2 Move Around Sugars (C6H12O6 ) leaves shoot roots 6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2 light energy  +

Photosynthesis ATP ADP ENERGY building reactions sun Photosynthesis ENERGY building reactions ADP ATP SUGAR building reactions used immediately to synthesize sugars H2O sugar CO2

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells? absorb sunlight & CO2 Leaf sun Leaves CO2 Chloroplasts in cell Chloroplast Chloroplast Chloroplasts contain Chlorophyll make ENERGY & SUGAR

Stomates & Guard Cells in the leaf Function of stomates CO2 in O2 out H2O out gets to leaves for photosynthesis Function of guard cells open & close stomates guard cell stomate

An overview of photosynthesis Chloroplast Light CO2 H2O NADP+ ADP +P LIGHT REACTIONS (in grana CALVIN CYCLE (in stroma ATP NADPH O2 O2 Sugar

White light is actually a mixed bag/spectrum of color Certain wavelengths of visible light drive the light reactions of photosynthesis X-rays Micro- waves Radio waves Gamma rays UV Infrared Visible light Wavelength (nm)

pigments in the chloroplast To trap the energy in the sun’s light, the thylakoid membranes contain pigments, molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of sunlight. Wavelengths that are NOT absorbed are reflected (bounce off) or transmitted (pass through) So the material in which the pigment is found appears to be the color of the wavelengths that are NOT absorbed Photosynthetic pigments: can absorb light energy & make it available for conversion to chemical energy . Light Reflected light Chloroplast Absorbed light

Which colors of the visible spectrum do plants absorb the most? Hint: Look at the peak

pigments in the chloroplast Chlorophyll a: most common pigment in chloroplast (absorbs blue &red light and reflects green light thus giving the chloroplast a green color)(chloro = green phylla + leaf) Accessory pigments: additional pigments that absorb different wavelengths (carotene, chlorophyll b, & xanthophyll)

Review: So what does a plant need in order to carry out photosynthesis? Bring In light CO2 H2O Let Out O2 Move Around sugars leaves shoot roots 6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2 light energy  +

An overview of photosynthesis Chloroplast Light CO2 H2O NADP+ ADP +P LIGHT REACTIONS (in grana CALVIN CYCLE (in stroma ATP NADPH O2 Sugar

Factors Affecting Rate of Photosynthesis Temperature: increases rate up to a certain point Light Intensity: increases rate up to a certain point CO2 level: Increases rate up to a certain point Water: decrease water, decrease photosynthesis

Compare & Contrast Photosynthesis & Cell Respiration Define Why is this process important? Where does this process take place (in which organelle)? Energy Storing or Energy Releasing What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Regents Bases Questions 1. An inorganic molecule required by green plants for the process of photosynthesis is oxygen starch carbon dioxide glucose

2. Which activity occurs in the process of photosynthesis? Chemical energy from organic molecules is converted into light energy. Organic molecules are obtained from the environment. Organic molecules are converted into inorganic food molecules. Light energy is converted into the chemical energy of organic molecules.

3. An organism was added to a test tube containing water, which was then sealed and placed in sunlight. The graph below shows an increase in the oxygen content of the test tube over a period of time. Which type of organism was most probably added to the test tube? fresh-water animal green alga ameba virus  

4. The diagram below shows a mitochondrian. Letter X most likely represents ATP maltose lactic acid PGAL

5. The diagram below shows a mitochondrian. All the arrows are associated with the process of carbon fixation photochemical reaction synthesis aerobic respiration

6. The equation below represents a summary of a biological process. carbon dioxide + water → glucose + water + oxygen This process is completed in mitochondria ribosomes cell membranes chloroplasts