Do Words have Power- Do words have power? Donald Trump response to the question of did he admit to sexual assault. “Locker Room Banter” Does that excuse his behavior?

ISIS- Call them what they are: Trump says problems is the Administration does not recognize Radical Muslim Terrorist Clinton’s response What is Donald’s plan to fight terrorism? What is Hilary’s plan to fight terrorism?

Obama’s Response to why he doesn’t use “Radical Islamic Terrorist” What is his main reason for not?

Communication forms your Perception- Perception- sensory input of information and then using that info to determine how you view others and opinions of them Opinions you form guides your communication and behavior towards a person.

Important to Remember- Words have both connotative and denotative meaning. Denotative- Dictionary definitions Ex. Home- place we where people live Connotative- values, attitudes, and emotions that people associate with words creates their definition. Depending on our experiences, certain words have a positive, negative, or neutral connotation. Ex. Needed in the Office

Choosing Words- Words need to be: Accurate Specific as possible Use facts that are truthful Specific as possible Some stuff- BAD! Concrete Message doesn’t change or conflict Aware of audience Aware of appropriateness.

Topicality

What does it mean to you? Football

Definitions dictate everything- How we interpret a word matters. Awesome- Engagement- Fun- Substantial- Diplomatic-

What it is- Neg argument that says Aff plan does not fall within the resolution. Preserves fairness of a debate Run in the 1NC FIRST argument If ran in 2NC it loses credibility (It’s ABUSIVE!) Ex. Aff is NOT engaging WITH China

T- (word you are arguing) Framework T- (word you are arguing) Definition- (must have source and date) Violation -Aff does x which is not… Standards Voters

Parts- “Definition” Definition of a word in the resolution that you believe Aff is not upholding by doing plan. It should be VERY narrow definition when on Neg. Ex. Substantial means more than 50% Ex. Engagement-is not economic pressure Ex. With-In the company of; accompanying

Parts- “Violation” Explains why the Aff plan is not topical Must use wording of plan and your definition. NOT the word 1 sentence long DO NOT SAY: The aff’s plan is not substantially increasing economic engagement w/China Ex. The Affs plan is forcing China cooperate with sanctioning NK this is economic pressure. Ex. Engagement is not pressure

Parts- “Standards” Most important part of T Judge uses standards to decide who has the better definition. It is a weighing mechanism How do you determine who has better pizza? Your standard explains why your definition is the best and why they should use your definition. Must have 2 Standards

How to run Standards Argument Common Person- our definition is the best because it comes from a common source. Random House Dictionary has been around since my parents have been born and almost every person in this room has one. While it maybe used a paper weight and dust collector we still have access to it As a debater, my mom got it for my birthday present. It is easy to access allowing everyone to use this definition does not unfairly discriminate against the Aff team

Voters- Tells the judge why to vote for Topicality above all else.

Types of Standards Common Person Framers Intent Legal Definition Term of Art Bright Line Expert Field Contextual Ground Education

Common Person Dictionaries Because everyone has access to it. No surprise.

Framer’s Intent What the framers of the resolution had in mind. Ex. Must be directly with China’s Government Ex. Launch 1 weather satellite (Really)

Legal Definition Comes from a legal source- or anything having to do with law. We are dealing with public policy best to use a legal def.

Term of Art Grammatical context- using the phrase and not individual words. Ex. “Economic Engagement” NOT “Economic” “Engagement”

Limits You have a huge topic but your definition limits the debate down so you can have a fair debate and not research everything in the world. Neg team has the right to set the limits on the Aff. This increases education.

Bright Line Says there is a clear distinction between your definition and their violation. This allows for now interpretation and offers clarity. It is like comparing black and white. Ex. It is either viewed as a positive by both countries- or it is not. Substantial means 25%. It is either 25% or it isn’t

Expert Expert in the area of surveillance defines it. They are best b/c they deal with surveillance. Who better to trust than an expert? Explain why experts rock!

Field Context Comes from an article dealing with economic engagement within the text Congressman in a hearing is a common example

Ground Ground is a measure of the quantity and quality of arguments available. If the case is tiny or obscured (think whale farming) it is unfair to the Neg. This tips the debate in favor of the Aff putting the Neg at a disadvantage. Aff team unfairly takes away negative positions. Hence taking away your ground. Think of a football field. Instead of starting at the 50 they are on your 20.

Parts “Voters” Reasons why the judge should vote on topicality. Need to tell the judge WHY T matters

Voters The rationale for voting on T. These can be the same for EVERY T you write. It is a statement as to why the argument of topicality should be considered in the round.

A priori Look here first. If the Aff isn’t topical, then the judge shouldn’t even look at the case. “Similar to the rules which govern the time limits and the number of speeches for a debate, the rule that topicality is a voting issue remains nondebatable. For equity reasons, the participants of all competitive games arrive at some consensual agreement on the rules prior to the start of the contest.”

Rules of the Game “Similar to the rules which govern the time limits and the number of speeches for a debate, the rule that topicality is a voting issue remains nondebatable. For equity reasons, the participants of all competitive games arrive at some consensual agreement on the rules prior to the start of the contest.”

Education Debate’s purpose is to increase our education and understanding of the topic. If Aff is not topical, they take away the educational value of the debate

Jurisdiction The judge only has the jurisdiction to pass a topical case. If it’s not topical, it’s outside the judge’s jurisdiction and they can not vote on it.

Procedural T is a procedural argument, must prove they adhere to the resolution each round

Fairness T creates fairness in a debate w/o it Aff can do what ever they want, putting the Neg at a disadvantage

Extra Topicality Extra-topicality is the argument that the affirmative shouldn’t be allowed to advocate a plan with multiple components, some of which fall within the resolution, and others that definitively do not. In this case, “extra” is used to mean “in addition to having topical components”, not to mean “too topical”. Ex- Claiming to create a new program in the US

Effects T Violation- Aff’s plan does ____ Which is effects topical. The plan is not topical. Effects topical rather than interpreting a specific word in the resolution, you interpret the direct relationship of the plan to the topic. You argue that instead of proving the resolution true, the affirmative team proves something else true, which by an effect of the that being true, proves the resolution true. Removing THAAD does not directly involve China!

Basics to Remember Run first!!!!! ALWAYS RUN T! Can run two T arguments but standards must be the same or you lose all credibility! Ex- “substantial” and “Increase” If neg team runs two T’s and standards different argue why that is abusive- creates unfair standards. Which one are we to use?

Framework T- Space Definition- (must have source and date) Violation -Aff’s plan does x which is not… Standards Voters

When writing standards- Follow these three steps. 1. Define the standard (use notes) AND the reading! 2. Why is your definition that standard? 3. Why does this make your definition the best?