Dispelling the CE Mark Myth: What’s Required for European Compliance December 12, 2003

What is EMC? EMC: Electromagnetic Compatibility Emissions: Unwanted radiated and conducted electrical energy Immunity: Undesirable response to external electrical energy EMI: Electromagnetic Interference

Elements of an EMI Situation Source "Culprit" Coupling method "Path" Sensitive device "Victim" VICTIM Culprits - Intentional (transmissions, data link); natural (Lightning, ESD); Unintentional (harmonics, transients) Paths - Radiation (Antenna to antenna, cable, box); Induction (Cable to cable); Common impedance (Power distribution; Ground system) Victims - Receivers, sensors, video/audio, digital data SOURCE PATH

How Does EMI Affect Electronics? Radiated and conducted interference Conducted Interference Enters and Exits Equipment through Wiring and Cabling Radiated Interference Enters and Exits Equipment through Wiring and Enclosure Penetration Radiated Susceptibility Radiated Emissions Conducted Susceptibility Conducted Emissions

Radiated Coupling Field to Cable Radio Electromagnetic Wave Patient Monitor VCM Loop Area Induced Current

Interference to TV Reception No Interference Two Interfering Signals Injected into TV

Transients Electrostatic Discharge & Transient Pulses ESD can induce “glitches” in circuits, leading to false triggering, errors in address & data lines and latch-up of devices Upset Damage Degradation leading to future failure(s)

PERSONAL COMPUTERS & PERIPHERALS, RADIO RECEIVERS Method #1Test at Approved Laboratory Declaration of Conformity. Does not go to the FCC Test Product at approved Laboratory Report with Technical Information Declaration of Conformity Sell Product DOC

RADIO TRANSMITTERS Examples CERTIFICATION: Cordless Phones, Radio Transmitters, CB Radios, Wireless Products CERTIFICATION: Report with Technical Information Send Report and Application to FCC or TCB Test Product FCC GRANT with FCC ID Number FCC Grant Sell Product

EUROPEAN REQUIREMENTS

Top US Markets

OVERVIEW OF EUROPEAN REQUIREMENTS Terms and Definitions Comparison with US Standards Options for Conformity Technical Requirements Use of the CE Mark

TERMS & DEFINITIONS European Directive European Norm (EN) Legal Document adopted by EC Council of Ministers Must be adopted into National Law by each EC member state Does not call out technical standards; refers to private standards-making bodies to draw up product standards European Norm (EN) Harmonized Standard: Common Standard used for determining conformity Committee process ENs based on existing standards (CISPR, IEC) Must be adopted into National Standards by each EC Member state CENELEC (Comite Europeen de Normalisation Electrotechnique) European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization: responsible for generating European Norms CE: Communaute Europeenne

REASONS FOR COMPLIANCE Regulatory Requirements Domestic EMC: FCC Requirements Penalties: $7000/occurrence Bellcore European: EMC: EMC Directive Military/Aerospace Functionality and Mission Success

NEW APPROACH DIRECTIVES Objective: Elimination of Technical Barriers New Approach calls out Essential Requirements Technical Details Left to Committees Harmonization of European Norms (Standards) CENELEC Conformity to European Norms demonstrates compliance Products meeting essential requirements eligible for CE Marking

EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES Directive Mandatory Date: Low Voltage (73/23/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Simple Pressure Vessels (87/404/EEC) Amended by 90/488/EEC Toy Safety (88/378/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Construction Products (89/106/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC EMC (89/336/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Machinery (89/392/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Personal Protective Equipment (89/686/EEC) Non-Automatic Weighing Instruments (90/384/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Gas Appliances (90/396/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (91/263/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Hot Water Boilers (92/42/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Medical Devices (93/42/EEC) Satellite Earth Station Equipment (93/97/EEC) Explosive Atmospheres (94/9/EEC) Recreational Craft (94/25/EEC) Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Directive Mandatory Date: 1/1/97 7/1/92 1/1/96 1/1/95 6/30/95 1/11/02 6/13/98 NONE 6/30/03 6/15/98 4/1/01

THE EMC DIRECTIVE 89/336/EEC: The EMC Directive Adopted 1989 by Council of the European Communities Original Implementation 1 January 1992 Amended by 92/31/EEC Affects all products to be placed on the Market Calls out essential “protection requirements” which include emissions as well as susceptibility Does not call out specifications or standards “New Approach Directive” Essential Protection Requirements Allows Self-Certification ”CE” Marking certifying product’s conformance Here are some notes

APPLICATION OF THE EMC DIRECTIVE “Electrical Apparatus” Covered Exceptions: components, large installations and devices that must comply with other Directives that address EMC (e.g., telecommunications) Member states adopt ENs Penalties for non-compliance Country-by-Country basis. Example: UK Requirements: Fines up to £5000 Up to 3 months imprisonment for misuse of CE mark Forfeiture of equipment

COMPLIANCE WITH EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES Product-Specific Standards or use Generic Standards Use Generic Requirements if Product-Specific Standards do not exist Conformity Assessment Options Declaration of Conformity Technical Construction File

CE Marking Implementation of the CE Marking: Must be affixed to: Product Packaging Instructions for use, OR Guarantee certificate Can be used with other marks providing they do not reduce the visibility and legibility of the mark The marking may include: The identification of a notified body involved in assessment

R&TTE Covers the following aspects: Efficient use of spectrum EMC Safety

R&TTE Approval Process CE Marking by manufacturer is allowed Self-Declaration for many products Reduced approval procedures and processes Harmonized standards developed Faster, cheaper, more market coverage for SME

CONDUCTED EMISSIONS TESTING Measure Noise on Power Line Product Spectrum Analyzer Power Cord LISN

RADIATED EMISSIONS TESTING Test Site: Measure Radiated Noise from Equipment Case and Cables Spectrum Analyzer Open Area Test Site Product 3 m or 10 m Turntable Measuring Antenna

RADIATED EMISSIONS TESTING Test Site: Measure Radiated Noise from Equipment Case and Cables Spectrum Analyzer Open Area Test Site Product 3 m or 10 m Turntable Measuring Antenna Photos: EMC Test System, Austin, TX emctest.com

Typical Ambient Profile Cell phone FM Radio Switching noise

Immunity Test Requirements 1000-4 Series IEC 61000-4-1: Introduction IEC 61000-4- 2: Electrostatic Discharge Requirements IEC 61000-4- 3: Radiated Immunity IEC 61000-4- 4: Electrical Fast Transient IEC 61000-4- 5: Surge IEC 61000-4- 6: Conducted RF Immunity IEC 61000-4-7: Interharmonics IEC 61000-4-8 & 9: Magnetic field immunity IEC 61000-4-10: Damped Oscillatory pulsed field immunity IEC 61000-4-11: Dips & Interrupts (“power quality”) IEC 61000-4-12: Damped Oscillatory (surge)

ESD Testing ESD Simulator

Anechoic Chamber www.emctest.com

EFT Testing EFT Generator EFT Clamp Ground Plane

Surge Coupling Lightning and pulse sources cause high-energy transients into power and data cables Direct Indirect

Voltage Dips & Interrupts IEC 1000-4-11 Simulates brownouts and blackouts on equipment operation Voltage Dip: Voltage Interrupt:

A Tester’s Perspective Radiated Emissions: Consumes at least 1/2 of all testing and re-engineering time required for passing most EMC programs Most Common Failures (in approximate order of occurrence): 1. Radiated Emissions 2. Conducted Emissions 3. ESD 4. Radiated and/or conducted immunity 5. Surge 6. EFTs

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