Earthquake damage in Haiti Earthquake damage in Haiti.  The 2010 earthquake in Haiti killed more than 200,000 people and destroyed most of the structures in the capital, Port-au-Prince.

2008, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake in the southwestern region of Sichuan Province, China, killed more than 69,000 people.

Earthquake Effects - Ground Shaking Loma Prieta, CA 1989 KGO-TV News ABC-7

Earthquake Effects - Surface Faulting Landers, CA 1992

Earthquake Effects - Liquefaction Source: National Geophysical Data Center Niigata, Japan 1964

Earthquake Effects - Landslides Source: National Geophysical Data Center Turnnagin Heights,Alaska,1964

The San Andreas Fault

Pacific-North American Plate Boundary LA on Pacific Plate San Francisco on North American Plate San Andreas Fault is boundary Relative motion Takes Big Bend above LA area and causes compression in our area

Complete Parts 2 and 4 of the Tectonic Plates Activity.

1960-1995. http://solidearth.jpl.nasa.gov/rp.html

The Rock Cycle alters Rock Rock – a solid aggregation of minerals. Mineral – a naturally occurring solid element or inorganic compound with a crystal structure, a specific composition, and distinct properties. Three type of rock: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Igneous (“fire”) Rock forms when magma or lava cools. Intrusive igneous rock – when cools and solidifies slowly beneath Earth’s surface (granite) and minerals form large, coarse crystals.

Igneous Rock Extrusive igneous rock forms when lava cools quickly and minerals have little time to grow crystals – eg. Basalt.

Sedimentary Rock Forms from accumulated weathered and eroded sediments, or from precipitated chemicals, that are compacted by weight and pressure. Limestone is mostly CaCO3 from marine organism’s shells or precipitation.

Sedimentary rock Shale – formed from small mud particles and limestone. Oil shales have oil or natural gas trapped in tiny pores in the rock; can be 1/3 hydrocarbon. Terracotta tiles and bricks are made from clay shale.

Metamorphic Rock Rock changes form usually due to high temperatures and pressures below ground. Marble forms from limestone.

Metamorphic Rock Slate forms from shale.

Weathered Rock forms Soils

Soil Resources trees planted to stop dust storms from China’s Gobi Desert

Soil accounts for ~10% of Earth’s surface Soils Store and provide nutrients and water for plants and animals, filter and cleanse water, and affect the amount of water that returns to the atmosphere to form rain.

Soils also Produce and store gases such as carbon dioxide Store heat and water Provide a home for billions of plants, animals and microorganisms Decompose wastes Provide a snapshot of geologic, climatic, biological, and human history

What is Soil Composed of ? mineral matter organic matter Modified by ? weather water organisms Formation time varies (200 – 1000 years) Depth varies (thin film to 10 ft)

Soil Composition

Soil Texture: Sand, Silt, and Clay Clay has the most surface area.

Soil particles are mostly negatively charged. They bind cations. Anions leach.

Soil Properties are Affected by Soil Texture Loam is about 40% sand, 40% silt, and 20% clay

Teach how to use the triangle Teach how to use the triangle. Loam’s are best for most agriculture needs. We have sandy loam/loamy sand.

Soil cation exchange capacity Soil texture   CEC (meq/100g soi) Sands (light-colored) 3-5 Sands (dark-colored) 10-20 Loams 10-15 Silt loams 15-25 Clay and clay loams 20-50 Organic soils 50-100 When the cations are present in equivalent amounts, the order of strength of adsorption is Al3+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ = NH4+ > Na+.

Humus- the organic component Humus – “mature compost”; typically dark, spongy, amorphous.

Other components of soil: Pore space (wet soil) Pore space (dry soil)

Soil Horizons (O, A, B, C) mark capture, E horizon lighter than A. Zone of leaching O= Often brown or black. Zone of leaching A= Light black to brown. Zone of leaching. B = Zone of accumulation. Rich in clay, iron oxides, silica, and other minerals from O, A, and E. mark capture,

Photographs of different soils http://soils.usda.gov/technical/soil_orders/

Soil Organisms – earthworms, roots, fungi, bacteria, etc.

Nutrient Cycling Sustainable vs. Farming

Soil pH Soil Acidity affects mineral availability. Aluminum is pH scale Soil Acidity affects mineral availability. Aluminum is toxic in acidic soils. Pygmy Forest Most soils (pH = 4-8) 7 Death Valley 14

Major Soil Types

Major Soil Types

Major Soil Types plants live “ON the soil” in rainforests