Figure 4-1. The three functional subdivisions of the auditory system Figure 4-1. The three functional subdivisions of the auditory system. Reprinted from Deutsch and Richards (1979). Conductive Mechanism

Figure 4-2. The pinna or auricle Figure 4-2. The pinna or auricle. (Reprinted from Zemlin, 1968, Fig 6-12) Conductive Mechanism

(external auditory meatus) ear canal (external auditory meatus) cartilage bone Conductive Mechanism (Zemlin, 1968, Fig 6-13)

Resonance of the Ear Canal (EAM) Resonance of the EAM approximates a uniform tube that is open at one end and closed at the other. Let’s assume for the moment that the EAM is a uniform tube (it’s not too far off). What would the FRC of this tube look like? Estimates vary, but the EAM in adults averages about 2.3 cm in length. F1 = c/(4*TL) (1st formant=35,000/4 . tube_length) Conductive Mechanism

Calculate the two lowest formants of the EAM. To do on your own: Calculate the two lowest formants of the EAM. Show the FRC of the EAM. What, if anything, might these calculations have to do with the audibility curve? Turn this in at our next class meeting. (To check your calculations, and help to answer the last question, see the discussion of this topic in the auditory physiology chapter.) Conductive Mechanism

Tympanic Membrane (ear drum) Note: (1) the cone shape of the TM, (2) the tilt, and (3) attachment of malleus on the middle ear side. Figure 4-3. The ear canal and middle ear cavity. Reprinted from Denes and Pinson, The Speech Chain, 1993, W.H. Freeman & Co. Conductive Mechanism

chorda tympani (branch of the facial nerve (cranial nerve 7) Conductive Mechanism

radial fibers (circular fibers not shown) http://epomedicine.com/medical-students/applied-anatomy-of-tympanic-membrane/ radial fibers (circular fibers not shown) Conductive Mechanism

Conductive Mechanism

Conductive Mechanism

We Are Going to Pretend that the ME Cavity is a Cube It isn’t quite a cube, but this simplification will help us organize the anatomy by surfaces (top/superior, bottom/inferior, lateral, medial, ...) (Zemlin, 1968, Fig 6-18) Conductive Mechanism

medial (toward the middle of the head) The tympanic cavity is (very roughly) shaped like a cube. A cube has six surfaces. posterior (toward the back of the head) medial (toward the middle of the head) superior lateral (away from the middle of the head) TM anterior (toward the front of the head) inferior (beneath the cube) Conductive Mechanism

Medial surface facial nerve oval window stapes footplate anular ligament promontory round window (Zemlin, 1968, Fig 6-18) Conductive Mechanism

Posterior surface pyramidal eminence tendon of the stapedius muscle Conductive Mechanism (Zemlin, 1968, Fig 6-25)

Anterior surface cochleariform process (another pyramid) tendon of the tensor tympani muscle Conductive Mechanism (Zemlin, 1968, Fig 6-27)

Ossicles resting on a dime (Zemlin, 1998, Fig 6-53) (Zemlin, 1998, Fig 6-52) Conductive Mechanism

Conductive Mechanism

Conductive Mechanism

The Area Trick F = ma E = F/A (pressure=force/area) So, pressure can be amplified w/out a change force by decreasing the area over which the force is delivered. Conductive Mechanism

The Area Trick Effective area of T.M. = 0.594 cm2 Area of stapes footplate = 0.032 cm2 So, pressure will be amplified by a factor of 0.594/0.032 = 18.6 (i.e., pressure is 18.6 times greater at the footplate than the T.M.). What is this in dB? Which version of the dB formula? We’re amplifying pressure, not intensity. So, we want the pressure version (20 log10 Em/Er), right?

This is simpler than you might be thinking. The Area Trick This is simpler than you might be thinking. dBPressureAmplification= 20 log10 (ETM/Efootplate) How much is pressure being amplified? TM/SFP=0.594/0.032=18.6 (SFP=stapes footplate area) dBPressureAmplification= 20 log1018.6 = 25.4 dB Conductive Mechanism

Conductive Mechanism

dBPressureAmplification= 20 log10(1.3) ≈ 2.3 dB So, force is being amplified by a factor of 1.3. All else being equal, if force is amplified by 1.3, pressure (force/area) is also amplified by a factor of 1.3. What is this in dB? Which version of the formula do we want? Since we’re talking about the amplification of pressure, we want the pressure version. dBPressureAmplification= 20 log10(1.3) ≈ 2.3 dB Conductive Mechanism

We lost about 30 dB at the air-fluid boundary We lost about 30 dB at the air-fluid boundary. How much of this intensity loss did the area and lever tricks recover? Area trick: 25.4 Lever trick: + 2.3 Total: 27.7 This is quite a bit. Later you will learn about the 10 dB Loudness Rule: Your subjective sense of loudness doubles with every 10 dB increase in intensity. So, a ~30 dB increase in intensity corresponds to a subjective increase in loudness by a factor of ~8 (i.e., x2 for 10 dB, x4 for 20 dB, and x8 for 30 dB). Conductive Mechanism

The middle ear impedance matching function is a big deal. Bottom Line The middle ear impedance matching function is a big deal. It is thought to be the main (or maybe the only) reason that the middle ear exists in the first place. Because of the middle ear, sound energy that enters the fluid-filled cochlea is nearly 30 dB more intense – and almost 8 times louder. (Loudness is the psychological correlate of intensity.) Conductive Mechanism