ماهو الرابط العجيب بين الصور !!!

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Presentation transcript:

ماهو الرابط العجيب بين الصور !!!

مصدر او استخدم الكهرباء مخطط الخلية مصدر او استخدم الكهرباء + – خلية قطب مصهور او محلول مائي الخلايا هي اوعية تحتوي على اقطاب و محاليل

مكونات الخلية الجلفانية

اقرئي الصورة ؟؟

البطاريات

الخلايا الجافة

خلية الخارصين و الكربون الجافة هل تستطعين اكتشاف مكونات هذه الخلية ؟؟

خلية الخارصين و الكربون الجافة Half reactions: E°Cell = 1.5 V Anode: Zn(s) g Zn+2(aq) + 2e- Cathode: 2NH4+(aq) + MnO2(s) + 2e- g Mn2O3(s) + 2NH3(aq) + H2O(l) The dose makes the poison. Any thing can be toxic given in ample quantity. Some require less to be lethal. Dose are measured in mg(toxins)/Kg(body wt.) CN- 1mg / Kg (wt) Table 10.3 1mg 4 hair strand, 125lb - 160 lb (57 - 73 kg) LD50 is a statistial analysis of data. It is based onthe lethal dosage of substance (mg/kg) necessary to kill 50% of a large populatin of rats. But can this data extrapolated to the human population? (Thalomide story, Dioxin and Agent-orange) A quantitative measure of toxicity

البطارية القلوية Anode (oxidation) Zn(s) + 2OH- (aq) g ZnO(s) + H2O (l) + 2e- Cathode (reduction). 2MnO2 (s) + 2H2O (l) + 2e- g Mn(OH)2(s) + 2OH-(aq) Overall Cell reaction: 2MnO2 (s) + H2O (l) + Zn(s) g ZnO(s) + Mn(OH)2(s) Ecell = 1.5 V

مقارنة بين بطارية الخارصين و الكربون الجافة و البطارية القلوية ؟؟ مقارنة بين بطارية الخارصين و الكربون الجافة و البطارية القلوية ؟؟ Figure: 18-15a,b Title: Dry-Cell Batteries Caption: (a) In a common dry-cell battery, the zinc case acts as the anode and a graphite rod immersed in a moist, slightly acidic paste of MnO2 and NH4Cl acts as the cathode. (b) The longer-lived alkaline batteries now in common use employ a graphite cathode immersed in a paste of MnO2 and a base. البطارية القلوية بطارية الخارصين و الكربون الجافة

بطارية الفضة Half reactions: E°Cell = 1.6 V Anode: Zn(s) + 2OH-(aq) g ZnO(s) + H2O(l) + 2e- Cathode (Ag): Ag2O (s) + H2O(l) + 2e- g 2Ag(s) + 2OH-(aq)

بطاريات الليثيوم Figure: 18-17 Title: Lithium Ion Battery Caption: In the lithium ion battery, the spontaneous flow of lithium ions from the graphite anode to the lithium transition metal oxide cathode causes a corresponding flow of electrons in the external circuit.

خلايا الوقود Figure: 18-18 Title: Hydrogen-Oxygen Fuel Cell Caption: In this fuel cell, hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.

خلايا الوقود 2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(l) anode: 2H2 + 4OH  4H2O + 4e cathode: 4e + O2 + 2H2O  4OH

خلايا الوقود

Figure: 18-19a,b Title: Fuel-Cell Breathalyzer Caption: The fuel-cell breathalyzer works by oxidizing ethyl alcohol in the breath to acetic acid. The electrical current that is produced is proportional to the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the breath.

Fuel Cells Before everyone was environmetally conscious, major industrialize nations contributed mostly to air pollution Pollution has respect for no boundary. Q: Is it fair for World Health Organization(WHO) to set limits to 3rd world countries now that they’re becoming industrialize?

المركم الرصاصي Figure: 18-16 Title: Lead-Acid Storage Battery Caption: A lead-acid storage battery consists of six cells wired in series. Each cell contains a porous lead anode and a lead oxide cathode, both immersed in sulfuric acid.

المركم الرصاصي

المركم الرصاصي

المركم الرصاصي ( بطارية رصاص –أكسيد الرصاص ) Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O

المركم الرصاصي Half reactions: E°Cell = 2.0 V Anode: Pb(s) + SO42-  PbSO4 (s) +2 e- E° = 0.356 Cathode (Hg): PbO2 (s) + SO42- + 4H+ + 2e-  PbSO4 (s) + 2 H2O E° = 1.685V Net: PbO2 (s) + Pb(s) + 2H2SO4  PbSO4 (s) + 2 H2O E°Cell = 2.0 V

التأكل

اقرئي الصورة ؟؟

صدأ الحديد

ماهي طرق منع التاكل ؟؟

مالذي حدث لهيكل السفينة؟؟ من خلال و نظرك .. مالذي حدث لهيكل السفينة؟؟

التأكل يسبب خسائر اقتصادية هائلة التأكل يسبب خسائر اقتصادية هائلة ... فإنه من الاهمية ايجاد طرق لمنع الصدأ ومن هذه الطرق هو الطلاء وهو عمل غطاء حماية للاشياء الفلزية .

ومن طرق منع الصدأ ايضا هو توصيل كتل من الفلز مثل الماغنسيوم او الالمنيوم بالهيكل الفولاذي فتتأكسد هذه الكتل اسهل من الحديد و تصبح الانود في خلية التاكل .

دقة الملاحظة ؟؟

تاكسد الخارصين بدلا من الحديد . Tin Can Aluminum Cans تاكسد الخارصين بدلا من الحديد .

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