Chapter 1 Lecture PowerPoint Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of structure (Greek – “a cutting up”) Physiology – study of function (Greek – “relationship to nature”) “Structure dictates function.”

Levels of Organization Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Subatomic particles Atom Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism Cell Tissue

1.3: Levels of Organization Chemical Atoms made up of subatomic particles Molecules 2 or more atoms Macromolecules small molecules joined together

1.3: Levels of Organization Cellular Macromolecules combine to form cells Basic structural and functional unit of the body 5

1.3: Levels of Organization Tissue Group of cells working together to perform a function 4 basic types epithelial (epi) connective tissue (CT) muscle (mm) nerve (n) 6

1.3: Levels of Organization Organ 2 or more tissues joined together with a specific function and shape 7

1.3: Levels of Organization Systems Related organs with a common function 11 systems 8

Organ Systems Components Functions skin hair glands protection Integumentary system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Components skin hair glands Functions protection regulates body temperature eliminates waste vitamin D sensations

Organ Systems Components Functions Bones Joints Cartilage Support Skeletal system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Components Bones Joints Cartilage Functions Support Protection Body movement Produces blood cells Stores minerals & fats

Organ Systems Components Functions skeletal muscles body movement Muscular system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Components skeletal muscles Functions body movement posture generates heat 11

Organ Systems Components Functions brain spinal cord nerves Nervous system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Components brain spinal cord nerves special sense organs Functions action potentials (nerve impulses) detects, interprets, and responds to changes in environment

Organ Systems Components Functions hormone-producing glands and cells Endocrine system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Components hormone-producing glands and cells Functions regulates body activities 13

Organ Systems Components Functions blood heart blood vessels Cardiovascular system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Components blood heart blood vessels Functions pumps blood carries O2 and nutrients to cells and wastes away regulates temperature, acid-base balance, and H2O

Organ Systems Components Functions lymph fluid & vessels spleen thymus Lymphatic system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Components lymph fluid & vessels spleen thymus lymph nodes tonsils Functions transports dietary lipids protection 15

Organ Systems Components Functions lungs pharynx larynx trachea Respiratory system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Components lungs pharynx larynx trachea bronchial tree Functions exchange of gases acid-base balance sound production

Organ Systems Components Functions Digestive system mouth pharynx Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Components mouth pharynx esophagus stomach small intestines large intestines salivary glands liver gallbladder pancreas Functions breakdown of food absorption of food eliminates wastes 17

Organ Systems Components Functions kidneys ureters urinary bladder Urinary system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Components kidneys ureters urinary bladder urethra Functions eliminates waste regulates blood composition & volume acid-base balance 18

Organ Systems Components Functions ovaries testes Reproductive system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Components ovaries testes associated structures Functions produce gametes hormone regulation of reproduction

1.3: Levels of Organization Organism 20

1.4: Characteristics of Life (10) Movement – change in position; motion Responsiveness – reaction to a change Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods Differentiation – unspecialized to specialized

Characteristics of Life Continued Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

1.5: Maintenance of Life Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure

Requirements of Organisms Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials

Requirements of Organisms Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

* Maintaining of a stable internal environment Homeostasis* “physiological normal” dynamic involves maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids intracellular (ICF) extracellular (ECF) * Maintaining of a stable internal environment

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. components receptor monitors changes input to control center control center evaluates input and generates output effector receives output from control center produces a response

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. continually disrupted by internal and external environments balance regulated by nervous action potentials rapid endocrine hormones slow

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. too high Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) too low Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract Involuntarily. 29

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms There are two (2) types: Negative feedback mechanisms Positive feedback mechanisms

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Negative feedback summary: Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body Reduces the actions of the effectors Corrects the set point Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’ Limits chaos in the body by creating stability Most common type of feedback loop Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Positive feedback summary: Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body Produces more instability in the body Produces more chaos in the body There are only a few types necessary for our survival Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments Considered to be the uncommon loop Examples: blood clotting and child birth

Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

1.6: Organization of the Human Body Body cavities Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cranial cavity Cranial cavity V ertebral canal Vertebral canal Right pleural cavity Mediastinum Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity Left pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Diaphragm Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (b) (a)

Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes Visceral layer – covers an organ Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum

Thoracic Serous Membranes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Plane of section Vertebra Spinal cord Mediastinum Azygos v. Aorta Left lung Esophagus Right lung Rib Right atrium of heart Left ventricle of heart Right ventricle of heart Visceral pleura Visceral pericardium Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Parietal pleura Anterior Parietal pericardium Sternum Fibrous pericardium

Abdominal Serous Membranes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Spinal cord V ertebra Plane of section Right kidney Aorta Left kidney Inferior vena cava Spleen Pancreas Large intestine Small intestine Large intestine Liver Rib Gallbladder Duodenum Costal cartilage Visceral peritoneum Stomach Peritoneal cavity Anterior Parietal peritoneum

1.8: Anatomical Terminology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out Integumentary system

Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): Superior versus Inferior Anterior versus Posterior Medial versus Lateral Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities) Superficial versus Deep Internal versus External

Body Sections or Planes (3) Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer Body Sections Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Median (midsagittal) plane Parasagittal plane Transverse (horizontal) plane A section along the median plane NEW FIGURE 12.1 A section along a transverse plane Frontal (coronal) plane A section along a frontal plane © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

Body Sections (a) (b) (c) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) (c) a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Other Body Sections (a) (b) (c) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) (c)

Abdominal Subdivisions (2) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Regions (9) Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right iliac region Left iliac region Hypogastric region (a) Quadrants (4) Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) (b)

Body Regions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cephalic (head) Frontal (forehead) Otic (ear) Orbital (eye cavity) Nasal (nose) Occipital (back of head) Oral (mouth) Buccal (cheek) Cervical (neck) Mental (chin) Acromial (point of shoulder) Sternal Acromial (point of shoulder) Pectoral (chest) Axillary (armpit) Vertebral (spinal column) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Umbilical (navel) Antecubital (front of elbow) Cubital (elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Inguinal (groin) Lumbar (lower back) Antebrachial (forearm) Sacral (between hips) Coxal (hip) Gluteal (buttocks) Carpal (wrist) Perineal Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Femoral (thigh) Genital (reproductive organs) Patellar (front of knee) Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf) Crural (leg) T arsal (instep) Pedal (foot) Digital (toe) Plantar (sole) (a) (b)

Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level. 1.7: Lifespan Changes Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level.