Problems and Profit with Waste

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Presentation transcript:

Problems and Profit with Waste Biotechnology Problems and Profit with Waste Mr G Davidson

Problems with Sewage Our modern way of life produces vast amounts of domestic and industrial waste. Biotechnology is now finding ways of putting some of this waste to good use. Sewage is mostly human body waste. Densely populated parts of the country produce large amounts and to reduce the chance of disease, it must be dealt with quickly and safely. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Sewage and Health In the first half of the 19th Century untreated sewage was dumped into rivers which were then used for drinking water and washing. This often resulted in disease and sometimes death. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Untreated Sewage Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Sewage and Health The situation improved with the construction of proper sewers and an understanding of micro-organisms. Even today disease is spread when untreated sewage leaks into public water supplies. This can happen after floods, earthquakes or with badly designed sewage systems. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Sewage Treatment In developed countries most sewage water is treated before it is reused or released into rivers or the sea. Sewage water is treated at sewage works. These vary in size and design but use the same basic process. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Sewage Works Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Sewage Treatment The main process in the treatment of sewage is its breakdown by the action of decay micro-organisms to products harmless to the environment. During sewage treatment the oxygen required by the micro-organisms can be provided by compressed air. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Sewage Treatment It is important that oxygen is available to allow the complete breakdown to harmless substances which can be released safely into the environment. Sewage contains a range of materials requiring particular micro-organisms for their breakdown. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Sewage Treatment Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Working with Microbes We already know how microbes can help in the manufacture of food and drink. Also that some microbes cause disease if they enter the bodies of living things. It is obviously important when working with microbes in the lab to adopt “safe practice”. This avoids unwanted growth of microbes or disease. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Safe Practice The bench is thoroughly cleaned and hands are washed. Sterile (very clean) equipment is collected: Petri dishes with agar food jelly Plating loop Culture of bacteria Bunsen burner Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Safe Practice Working close to the hot bunsen flame the loop is heated till red hot then allowed to cool. A sample of bacteria is collected from the culture bottle. The culture bottle is carefully opened and closed next to the flame. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Safe Practice Working close to the flame the loop is now gently rubbed over the surface of the agar jelly in the dish. The loop is again heated till red hot and allowed to cool. The dish is sealed, then labelled and placed in an incubator. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Bacterial Culture Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Unwanted Microbes Contamination is the presence of unwanted, possible harmful microbes. To prevent contamination all equipment must be clean and sterilised. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Microbes and Decay When a plant or animal dies its tissues decay. This is mainly due to the actions of microbes. These microbes use the dead animal or plant material as a food source to obtain energy. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Carbon Cycle Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Nitrogen Cycle Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Food and Fuel from Waste Upgrading waste is a way of obtaining useful products such as high quality protein foods and biogas fuel. These are obtained from unwanted waste materials through the action of micro-organisms. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Fuels from Fermentation There are advantages in using fermentation fuels rather than fossil fuels. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Fuels from Fermentation FERMENTATION FUELS FOSSIL FUELS Harmless to the environment Harmful to the environment Easy to obtain Difficult to obtain Cheap to obtain Expensive to obtain Renewable Non-renewable Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Alcohol as Fuel Fermentation is an energy releasing process. This is carried out by some microbes in the absence of oxygen. Alcohol and methane gas are products of fermentation. Glucose YEAST Alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson

Single Cell Protein Most micro-organisms reproduce themselves much faster than the cells of plants and animals. Industry is able to use fast growing micro-organisms to manufacture food, especially protein. Thursday, September 20, 2018 G Davidson