Good Morning! No bell ringer this morning. Don’t forget your lab report is due NEXT CLASS!!! Today’s Agenda Protein Notes Protein Origami 

Proteins Proteins are what actually do the WORK in the cells Protein is a major source of energy. If you consume more protein than you need for body tissue maintenance and other necessary functions, your body will use it for energy. If it is not needed due to sufficient intake of other energy sources such as carbohydrates, the protein will be used to create fat and becomes part of fat cells. Hair, skin, eyes, muscles and organs are all made from protein.

Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). Functions of proteins: 1. Transport: hemoglobin 2. Regulatory: hormones 3. Movement: muscles 4. Structural: membranes, hair, nails 5. Enzymes: cellular reactions copyright cmassengale

20 Amino Acid Monomers

Structure of Amino Acids Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things bonded to it: Amino group Carboxyl group R group Amino group –NH2 Carboxyl group -COOH Hydrogen -H Side groups Side group -R Serine-hydrophillic Leucine -hydrophobic

Question: What elements are found in all proteins? Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen! Hydrogen copyright cmassengale

Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A. Primary Structure B. Secondary Structure C. Tertiary Structure D. Quaternary Structure copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Primary Structure Amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds (straight chains) aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa) copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Secondary Structure 3-dimensional folding arrangement into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Tertiary Structure Secondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet copyright cmassengale

copyright cmassengale Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “proteins working together” subunits copyright cmassengale

Protein Shape affects its function!! copyright cmassengale

Denaturating Proteins Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it no longer works Cooking denatures protein in eggs Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures

Denaturing Proteins The structure (shape) of a protein determines its function! Change the shape = affect the function! Denature – change the shape of a protein Temperature pH

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Chbm84sCBAw

Body Builders and the Keto Diet high-fat, adequate-protein, low-carbohydrate diet Results in ketosis normal metabolic process, something your body does to keep working. When it doesn't have enough carbohydrates from food for your cells to burn for energy, it burns fat instead. Body produces ketones in the liver to be used as energy also commonly observed in patients with diabetes, as the process can occur if the body does not have enough insulin or is not using insulin correctly.

Protein Poster Project You will be randomly drawing a protein to research We will be going to the computer lab where you will go to my website and download the format for the poster. TYPE DIRECTLY INTO THE FORMAT!