Taxonomy & Binomial Nomenclature

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Taxonomy & Binomial Nomenclature Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms

History... Aristotle- 2000+ years ago. Carolus Linnaeus- in 1750’s Groupings based on structural similarities Had poor definitions of standards Carolus Linnaeus- in 1750’s Developed binomial nomenclature “two name naming system.” Allowed for standardizing across languages Used Latin names

Binomial Nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature= The two names are the genus and the species Uses a standardized format Genus- capitalized, species- all lowercase Either italicized or underlined An International Commission controls and okay's new names Felis domesticus or Canis familiaris

Why use Binomial Nomenclature? Eliminated confusion over common names: Felis concolor is variably called puma, cougar, panther, mountain lion The robin in England is Erithracus rubicola, in the U.S. a robin is Turdus migratoris

Seven (Eight) Major Groupings Each of these groupings (except Kingdom) can be further sub-divided by adding prefixes such as Super-, Supra-, Infra-, or Sub- in front of the grouping name. For example: Subclass or Superorder There are 7 major levels of organization: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Some sources are now adding an 8th level of organization to the top of the list: the Domain

Seven (Eight) Major Groupings As with Aristotle, groupings are still based on similarities. The types of similarities are much more standardized: Structural Biochemical Chromosomal (DNA) similarities

Definitions Biological species A group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring. This is a limited definition with several notable exceptions wolf/dog, wheat/rye, some fish

the story of the organism’s evolution the development of the embryo Cladistics Cladistics A system of studying similarities between organisms to try to determine an evolutionary sequence. "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" the story of the organism’s evolution the development of the embryo retells

Dichotomous Keys Dichotomous Keys Di= “two”, chotomy= “division/cut” A system of dividing a set of objects into similar groups by asking a series of questions that have only two choices. Develop a dichotomous key to identify everyone in a small group of students.