CRQ Practice and Predictions

For Tomorrow Bring pens and pencils (don’t bring mechanical pencils) to exam Bring watch to guarantee you can time yourself 1 hour for 75 multiple choice 75 minutes (1hour, 15 minutes) for 3 CRQs Get plenty of sleep tonight Dress in layers Eat breakfast tomorrow morning and bring drink/snack Report to library at 7:15

Remember the Films “World in the Balance” – case studied population issues in Japan, India, and Kenya “Which Way Home?” – children risking lives to be smuggled into U.S. from Mexico/Central America “God Grew Tired of Us” – lost boys of Sudan; refugees due to religion (Islam in north, Christian in south) and race (Arab in north, black in south); seek asylum in U.S. “Promises” – Israeli-Palestinian conflict “Secret State of North Korea” – life under Kim Jong Un “Food Inc.” – industrialization of agriculture; agribusiness

Population Growth J-Curve (exponential growth) S-Curve (varying growth)

Population FRQs Migration in Europe (2003)– Why did Europe used to be the source of immigrants? Why is it now the destination of immigrants? Immigration in U.S. (2005) Global migration streams (2006) – Connect to core-periphery, chain migration, distance decay Migration within the U.S. (2008) Population pyramids and the DTM (2010) Malthus (2011) Elderly populations in MDCs (2013) – Reasons and Consequences Refugees (2015) – Reasons (political, social, environmental), specific example from either Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq, Syria or Sudan, impacts on receiving country

Population – any major topics missing? Population policies – pro-natalist and anti-natalist Epidemiologic Transition/Diseases Changing Center of Population Illegal immigration Migration of children

Culture FRQs Religion and the cultural landscape (2002) – sacred sites, burial practices, architecture, place names Lingua francas and minority languages (2007) Religion in the U.S. (2009) Islamic migration to Europe (2012) English as a lingua franca (2015) Canada and bilingualism in Quebec (2016)

Culture – any major topics missing? Folk culture Isoglosses/language boundaries/multi-lingual states Ethnic/universal religions Religious/ethnic conflicts

Religious Conflicts Israel – Israeli Jews and Palestinian Muslims Sri Lanka – Buddhist Sinhalese and Hindu Tamil Sudan – Arab Muslims in north and Black Christians in South Ireland – Protestants and Catholics Iraq – Sunni and Shiites

Ethnic Conflicts Nigeria – Igbo, Yoruba, Hausa Rwanda – Hutus and Tutsis Bosnia – ethnic cleansing of Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims) by Serbs Russia - Chechnya

Can apply irredentism here because Serbian enclaves in Croatia were claimed by nationalist Serbs in the early 1990s

Separatist Movements Basque – from Spain Chechnya – from Russia Kurds – from Iraq, Iran, Syria, Turkey Tamil – from Sri Lanka

Political FRQs Nation-states in Europe and Middle East (2002) Devolution and Supranationalism (2005) Centripetal and Centrifugal forces in South Asia (2006) National identity (2010) – what strengthens and weakens this Superimposed boundaries in Africa (2014) Gerrymandering (2015)

Political – any major topics missing? Exclusive economic zones Multinational states Shapes of states Terrorism

-12 miles off coast claimed by state Nautical Boundaries Territorial Waters -12 miles off coast claimed by state -However foreign ships have right of innocent passage (merchant ships, not battle or submarines)

Nautical Boundaries Exclusive Economic Zones -Coastal states can claim resources up to 200 nautical miles beyond coast -Median line principle applied if states 200 miles overlap

Terrorism Goal: spread fear and anxiety and get publicity; targets ordinary people In a globalized world, terrorists have been able to gain access to wide geographic areas Globalization - Utilize technology Government – State sponsored, provide funds Islamic fundamentalism Al Qaeda and ISIS

Arab Spring Major protests in Southwest Asia and North Africa to force autocratic rulers from power Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Yemen Use of social media to show oppression and raise awareness (Facebook, Twitter)

Agriculture FRQs Green Revolution (2001) Poultry (2004) Von Thunen (2007) Von Thunen vs. Burgess (2008) Subsistence agriculture/shifting cultivation (2012) Coffee (2014) Subsistence (wet rice) vs. commercial (wheat) (2016)

Agriculture – any major topics missing? Pastoralism Intensive subsistence/rice farming Women in agriculture GMOs Sustainable agriculture

Economic FRQs Rostow (2001) Tourism (2003) Maquiladoras in northern Mexico (2004) Economic development in the U.S. (2006) New international division of labor (2007) Education and girls in LDCs (2008) Weber and ethanol (2010) Changing industrial location in U.S. (2011) Silicon Valley/agglomeration (2013) Rostow vs. Wallerstein (2014) Primary, secondary, tertiary and increasing development (2016)

Economic – any major topics missing? Gender and development U.N. Millennium Goals Foreign Direct Investment Dependency Theory Deindustrialization

Urban FRQs Urban Sprawl (2001) Sector Model (2002) Demography and Bid-Rent (2004) Urban renewal in the U.S. (2005) Squatter settlements in Latin America (2009) Rank-size rule/primate city/Mexico City (2011) Urban growth along railroads/highways - Borchert (2013)

Urban – any major topics missing? Central Place Theory Megacities Inner cities in the U.S. Gentrification

FIGURE 12-15a

FIGURE 12-15b

Comparing Models Past FRQs Von Thunen vs. Burgess What other models could be compared? Von Thunen vs. Burgess Rostow vs. Core-Periphery Von Thunen vs. Weber Weber vs. Central Place Borchert and Changing Center of Population

U.S. CENTER OF POPULATION 1950-2010 Moving South 1900-1940 Filling in Great Plains 1850-1890 Gold Rush 1800-1840 Crossing Appalachians 1790 Hugging the Coast U.S. CENTER OF POPULATION Colonial settlements along East Coast Transportation improvements allowed westward expansion (early 1800s = Erie Canal; late 1800s = railroads) Gold rush in California, advances in agriculture help settle Great Plains Recent growth of South (right to work, industries relocating south, increased services in south)

Borchert’s Model of Urban Evolution (Growth of U.S. cities) = Industrial Cities Along Railroads (Detroit, Chicago, Pittsburgh) = Modern Cities Along Roads (suburbs)

HIGH AND LOW ORDER SETTLEMENTS Central Place Theory CENTRAL PLACE HINTERLAND RANGE THRESHOLD HIGH AND LOW ORDER SETTLEMENTS URBAN HIERARCHY

Gender Gender is a huge factor that keeps countries from increasing development Gender Inequality Index (rated 0-1) 0 means men and women fare equally 1 means women fare poorly How is this measured? Women in positions of power % of women who have completed high school Female labor force participation (% with jobs outside the home) Adolescent fertility rate (15-19 years old) Maternal mortality

How are women discriminated against around the world? Deprived education Honor killings Female circumcisions Physical abuse/rape Trafficking/forced prostitution Child marriages

Educating girls…. Reduces risk of early pregnancies (and thereby pregnancy related deaths) Empowers women to make their own decisions (e.g. # of children they want) Reduces risks for STDs (especially HIV/AIDS) Improves overall health of families (e.g. will boil water before drinking) Reduces domestic violence Decreases infant mortality (deaths under 5 years old) Helps women contribute to the economy/increase development

UN Millennium Goals A declaration with the goal of improving the living conditions of people in the least developed countries by 2015 eradicate extreme poverty and hunger achieve universal primary education promote gender equality and empower women reduce child mortality improve maternal health combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases ensure environmental sustainability develop a global partnership for development

Rank Size Rule The size of cities within a country will be in proportion to each other Applies to United States (not exact) Largest City: x (population) 2nd Largest City: 1/2 x (population) 3rd Largest City: 1/3 x (population) New York City, LA, Chicago Population Population Population

U.S. Cities Population New York City, New York 8,175,133 Los Angeles, California 3,792,621 Chicago, Illinois 2,695,598 Houston, Texas 2,099,451 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1,526,006 Phoenix, Arizona 1,445,632 San Antonio, Texas 1,327,407 San Diego, California 1,307,402 Dallas, Texas 1,197,816 San Jose, California 945,942

Latin American Model Periferico – periphery squatter settlements, high poverty Zone of situ accretion – transitioning toward maturity (mix of middle-low income) Zone of maturity – services and infrastructure development Elite residential sector – along spine of commercial activities

Multiple Nuclei Model

Peripheral Model (Galactic City Model) The central city is surrounded by a beltway or ring road. Around the beltway are suburban residential areas and nodes, or edge cities, where consumer and business services and manufacturing cluster. Shows urban decentralization (increase in edge cities)

Edge City Includes a central business district, central city, new downtown, and suburban downtown

Supranational Organizations European Union NAFTA OPEC NATO UN

OPEC Members

Supranational Organizations European Union Free movement of goods, labor, capital Purpose was to prevent conflict by making countries economically dependent on each other Has integrated Europe Migration from eastern Europe to western Europe because people are looking for jobs

Refugees Most from Africa or Southwest Asia (Afghanistan and Iraq) Most can only migrate a short distance for safety (IDPs) Those who can go far, seek asylum in Europe or U.S. Political Genocide – Sudan (Darfur) Oppression – DRC, Nigeria, Palestinians Terrorism – ISIS, al Qaeda

2010 - #2 Part A Using contemporary examples, explain how each of the following has contributed to the development of national identity and the strengthening of a state. Economic development Relocation of a state’s capital

How this helps national identity… China Any of the Asian Tigers How this helps national identity… More capitalism in their economy As of 2001, China joined World Trade Organization (WTO) Has allowed foreign investment into their country (EPZs, SEZs) Relocation of factories to China has provided citizens with jobs Used the international trade approach to increase their economic development Have focused on skilled labor, electronics, and clothing Rapid growth of economy Strong economy creates jobs, supports a sense of well being, and supports confidence in leadership and loyalty to state Economic prosperity helps to hide other problems the country may be experiencing National pride reinforces national identity

How this helps national identity… Brazil Nigeria How this helps national identity… Relocated capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia in order to relocate population to a central area Helps develop the interior which was mostly uninhabited Break ties with colonial past (importance of cities along the coast to provide to Portugal) Relocated capital from Lagos to Abuja Since Nigeria is comprised of so many ethnic groups, there has been constant conflict Capital was relocated to a central location to accommodate different ethnic groups Strengthens the state and provides stability

Nigeria: A Case Study for Language Conflicts 493 languages 3 main languages Hausa (15%) Yoruba (15%) Igbo (15%) 55% speak one of the other 490 languages

2010 - #2 Part B Using contemporary examples, explain how each of the following may detract from the development of national identity and weaken a state. Ethnicity Transportation/infrastructure

How this hurts national identity… Yugoslavia Nigeria How this hurts national identity… Ethnic tensions between Serbs, Croats, and Bosnian Muslims led to genocide during the 1990s Ethnic tensions between Hausa, Igbo, and Yoruba has led to constant violence and fighting Ethnic tension weakens loyalty to the state Tension between ethnic groups can lead to balkanization, separatism, devolution, etc. Placement of political boundaries without regard to ethnic territories leads to problems

Can apply irredentism here because Serbian enclaves in Croatia were claimed by nationalist Serbs in the early 1990s

Democratic Republic of Congo How this hurts national identity… Chile Democratic Republic of Congo How this hurts national identity… Elongated state therefore poor communications Weak government and rebel groups have deterred the maintaining of infrastructure Poor transportation infrastructure contributes to isolation and a sense of separation Size or shape of a state may hinder development

a. Identify three examples of walls or other barriers built by countries in the 20th and 21st centuries U.S. – Mexico wall Berlin Wall (East Berlin – West Berlin) North Korea – South Korea Demilitarized Zone Israel – Palestine (or Israel – West Bank/ Israel - Gaza) wall

DIVISION OF GERMANY DIVISION OF BERLIN

Berlin Wall

DMZ - Korea

Israeli – Palestinian wall

b. Explain the purpose of one of the examples you identified in part a U.S. – Mexico wall To slow/control the flow of illegal immigrants/goods from Mexico Berlin Wall (East Berlin – West Berlin) To prevent East Germans from fleeing to the West North Korea – South Korea Demilitarized Zone To act as a buffer zone in order to reduce the likelihood of violence To prevent North Koreans from fleeing to the South Israel – Palestine (or Israel – West Bank/ Israel - Gaza) wall To reduce the threat of terrorist activity among Palestinians

C. For each of the categories listed below, discuss a consequence faced by countries as a result of walls or other barriers established along their borders Social or political consequences Increased tension between neighboring countries or among citizens within a “walled” country Increased isolation (reduction in the diffusion of culture) Stigmatizing of excluded population (internally or externally)

C. For each of the categories listed below, discuss a consequence faced by countries as a result of walls or other barriers established along their borders Social or political consequences Illegal crossing of the border becomes more dangerous Separation of families, friends, relatives, cultural groups Increased protection/security from either real or perceived threats

C. For each of the categories listed below, discuss a consequence faced by countries as a result of walls or other barriers established along their borders ii. Economic consequences Cost of construction, maintenance, staffing Creates jobs: construction, maintenance, staffing Reduction in flow of illegal goods/labor Loss of job opportunities for those excluded Loss of cheap labor Increased cost of smuggling (humans, drugs, other goods)

C. For each of the categories listed below, discuss a consequence faced by countries as a result of walls or other barriers established along their borders iii. Environmental consequences Interrupts the migration of various species Visual scarring on the landscape Impact on natural habitats as a result of barrier construction or smuggling goods through unspoiled areas

The high-tech centers of Silicon Valley in California and the Research Triangle in North Carolina developed in the past 40 years. Discuss the following three factors that contributed to the rise of such industrial regions. 1. Investment capital 2. Labor 3. Government Define the concept of agglomeration and explain its role in the continuing expansion of such regions.

Discuss THREE ways in which the concept of core-periphery relations helps explain the development of the urban systems shown above. Be sure to use evidence from both maps to support your conclusions.